CHEBI:18019

Three steps

• a halide anionReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. RX + glutathione = an S-substituted glutathione + a halide anion + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, GSS, GSTT4, GSTA4 and 21 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 11-cis-retinalReach from here →
  1. Acetylation of Lysine
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. 11-cis-retinol:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1, AWAT2 and 8 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+)Reach from here →
  1. Acetylation of Lysine
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. Acyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus, cytosol

• hexadecan-1-olReach from here →
  1. Acetylation of Lysine
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. formate dehydrogenase (palmitoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, peroxisome

• CHEBI:16132Reach from here →
  1. transport of lysine and threonine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-threonine acetaldehyde-lyase (glycine-forming)
  3. deoxyribose-phosphate aldolase

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, DERAextracellular space, cytosol

• homogentisateReach from here →
  1. transport of lysine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating,decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, GOT2, GOT1, TAT and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 11-cis-retinyl hexadecanoateReach from here →
  1. Acetylation of Lysine
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 9 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, AGXT2, ABATextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• succinic semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 4-aminobutanoate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC6A12, ABATextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• nitriteReach from here →
  1. transport of arginine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Arginine, NADPH:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (Nitric-Oxide-Forming)
  3. 4 nitric oxide + O2 + 2 H2O = 4 nitrite + 4 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6, NOS3 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• cob(II)alaminReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 2 cob(II)alamin + A + 2 H2O + 2 H(+) = 2 aquacob(III)alamin + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, MOCOS, MTRRextracellular space, cytosol

• lithocholic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and lithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• phosphatidic acidReach from here →
  1. Acetylation of Lysine
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. acyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 2-O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 9 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatusOne of 7 routes

• (R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC6A12, SLC22A5extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 2-phenylacetaldehydeReach from here →
  1. transport of lysine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-phenylalanine carboxy-lyase (phenylethylamine-forming)
  3. Phenethylamine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, DDC, AOC2, AOC1 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• selaneReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, SCLYextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• anthranilateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, KYNUextracellular space, cytosol

• D-alanyl-D-alanineReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of D-alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Formation of Alanylalanine

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, SLC3A2, SLC7A10extracellular space, cytosol

• (S)-lactateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, AGXT2, LDHA, LDHB and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:16668Reach from here →
  1. transport of cysteine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Cysteine:oxygen oxidoreductase
  3. 3-sulfino-L-alanine carboxy-lyase

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, CDO1, GAD1, CSADextracellular space, cytosol

• quinolinic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of Quinolinic Acid

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC22A6extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-CTPReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. CTP + AH2 + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-CTP + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + A + H2O + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, MOCOS, RSAD2extracellular space, cytosol

• cyanamideReach from here →
  1. transport of arginine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Arginine amidinohydrolase
  3. urea = cyanamide + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6, ARG1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• pyridoxineReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. pyridoxine-5'-phosphate phosphohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, SCLY, PHOSPHO2, PDXPextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (S)-2-hydroxyglutarateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + A = 2-oxoglutarate + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, MOCOS, L2HGDHextracellular space, cytosol

• enol-phenylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. transport of lysine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Phenylalanine Transaminase, Mitochondrial
  3. 3-phenylpyruvate = enol-phenylpyruvate

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, GOT2, TAT, MIFextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• formaldehydeReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:glycine N-methyltransferase
  3. sarcosine:oxygen oxidoreductase (demethylating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, GNMT, PIPOX, SARDHextracellular space, cytosol, peroxisomeOne of 5 routes

• 3-fumarylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. 3-fumarylpyruvate + H2O = fumarate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, AGXT2, FAHD1extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• pantetheine 4'-phosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of cysteine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate:L-cysteine ligase
  3. N-[(R)-4'-Phosphopantothenoyl]-L-cysteine carboxy-lyase

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, PPCS, PPCDCextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• psychosineReach from here →
  1. Acetylation of Lysine
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. UDP-alpha-D-galactose:sphingosine 1-beta-galactosyltransferase

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2mitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus, cytosol

• trans-1,2-dithiane-4,5-diolReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. selenocysteine lyase (dithiothreitol)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, SCLYextracellular space, cytosol

• creatineReach from here →
  1. transport of arginine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6, GATM and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-acetyl-L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, AGXT2, NAT8Lextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Acetylation of Lysine
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus

• bilirubin IXalphaReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of bilirubin and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• a cholesterol esterReach from here →
  1. Acetylation of Lysine
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. an acyl-CoA + cholesterol = a cholesterol ester + CoA

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus

• (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acidReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, AGXT2, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• 2-aminoacrylic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of lysine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. thyroid peroxidase (iodine)
  3. thyroid peroxidase (3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, TPOextracellular space, cytosol

• taurolithocholateReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and taurolithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 3-hydroxypyruvateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-serine + pyruvate = 3-hydroxypyruvate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, AGXT2, AGXTextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:17208Reach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. glutathione:dehydroascorbate oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, GSSextracellular space, cytosol

• (S)-4-hydroxymandelateReach from here →
  1. transport of lysine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + O2 = (S)-4-hydroxymandelate + CO2

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, GOT2, GOT1, TAT and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• homocysteineReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. Formation of Homocystine

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, GSSextracellular space, cytosol

• S-(4,8-dimethylnonanoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →
  1. Acetylation of Lysine
  2. Carnitine Dimethyl Nonanoyl Transferase, Revsible, Peroxisomal
  3. 4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-CoA + H2O = S-(4,8-dimethylnonanoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by CRAT, CROT, NUDT19mitochondrial matrix, peroxisome

• S-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →
  1. Acetylation of Lysine
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (linolenate)
  3. (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoA + H2O = S-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• S-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →
  1. Acetylation of Lysine
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + H2O = S-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• S-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →
  1. Acetylation of Lysine
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (palmitolate)
  3. (9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoA + H2O = S-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• itaconateReach from here →
  1. Acetylation of Lysine
  2. Itaconate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming)
  3. Itaconate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming)

  Catalysed by SUCLG1, SUCLG2, SUCLA2mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• N-octadecanoyl-heptadecasphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. Acetylation of Lysine
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. heptadecasphing-4-enine + octadecanoyl-CoA = N-octadecanoyl-heptadecasphing-4-enine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3, ACSL1 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• aceneuramateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. aceneuramate = aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, AGXT2, NPLextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix