CHEBI:15971

Three steps

• nitriteReach from here →
  1. transport of arginine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Arginine, NADPH:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (Nitric-Oxide-Forming)
  3. 4 nitric oxide + O2 + 2 H2O = 4 nitrite + 4 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SLC7A6, NOS3, NOS1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 11-cis-retinolReach from here →
  1. L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10, NatA catalytic subunit (acetylcarnosine)
  3. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by CARNS1, NAA10, DGAT1, LRAT and 3 morecytosol

• cob(II)alaminReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 2 cob(II)alamin + A + 2 H2O + 2 H(+) = 2 aquacob(III)alamin + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, MOCOS, MTRRextracellular space, cytosol

• lithocholic acidReach from here →
  1. L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming)
  2. transport of histamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of lithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by HDC, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• (R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC6A12, SLC22A5extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 2-phenylacetaldehydeReach from here →
  1. transport of histidine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-phenylalanine carboxy-lyase (phenylethylamine-forming)
  3. Phenethylamine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, DDC, AOC2, AOC1 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• oxaloacetateReach from here →
  1. L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10, NatA catalytic subunit (acetylcarnosine)
  3. ATP citrate lyase (citrate)

  Catalysed by CARNS1, NAA10, ACLYcytosolOne of 10 routes

• selaneReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, SCLYextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• anthranilateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, KYNUextracellular space, cytosol

• D-alanyl-D-alanineReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of D-alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Formation of Alanylalanine

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, SLC3A2, SLC7A10extracellular space, cytosol

• (S)-lactateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, AGXT2, LDHA, LDHB and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:16668Reach from here →
  1. transport of cysteine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Cysteine:oxygen oxidoreductase
  3. 3-sulfino-L-alanine carboxy-lyase

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, CDO1, GAD1, CSADextracellular space, cytosol

• quinolinic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of Quinolinic Acid

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC22A6extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-CTPReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. CTP + AH2 + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-CTP + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + A + H2O + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, MOCOS, RSAD2extracellular space, cytosol

• cyanamideReach from here →
  1. transport of arginine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Arginine amidinohydrolase
  3. urea = cyanamide + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SLC7A6, ARG1, CA1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• pyridoxineReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. pyridoxine-5'-phosphate phosphohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, SCLY, PHOSPHO2, PDXPextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (S)-2-hydroxyglutarateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + A = 2-oxoglutarate + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, MOCOS, L2HGDHextracellular space, cytosol

• enol-phenylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. transport of histidine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Phenylalanine Transaminase, Mitochondrial
  3. 3-phenylpyruvate = enol-phenylpyruvate

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, GOT2, TAT, MIFextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• formaldehydeReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:glycine N-methyltransferase
  3. sarcosine:oxygen oxidoreductase (demethylating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, GNMT, PIPOX, SARDHextracellular space, cytosol, peroxisomeOne of 5 routes

• 3-fumarylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. 3-fumarylpyruvate + H2O = fumarate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, AGXT2, FAHD1extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• pantetheine 4'-phosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of cysteine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate:L-cysteine ligase
  3. N-[(R)-4'-Phosphopantothenoyl]-L-cysteine carboxy-lyase

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, PPCS, PPCDCextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• trans-1,2-dithiane-4,5-diolReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. selenocysteine lyase (dithiothreitol)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, SCLYextracellular space, cytosol

• creatineReach from here →
  1. transport of arginine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SLC7A6, GATM, GAMTextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-acetyl-L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, AGXT2, NAT8Lextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• bilirubin IXalphaReach from here →
  1. L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming)
  2. transport of histamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of bilirubin (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by HDC, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acidReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, AGXT2, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• 2-aminoacrylic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of histidine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. thyroid peroxidase (iodine)
  3. thyroid peroxidase (3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, TPOextracellular space, cytosol

• taurolithocholateReach from here →
  1. L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming)
  2. transport of histamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of S-glutathionyl-2-4-dinitrobenzene (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by HDC, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• 3-hydroxypyruvateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-serine + pyruvate = 3-hydroxypyruvate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, AGXT2, AGXTextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:17208Reach from here →
  1. L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and histamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glutathione:dehydroascorbate oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by HDC, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular space

• (S)-4-hydroxymandelateReach from here →
  1. transport of histidine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + O2 = (S)-4-hydroxymandelate + CO2

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, GOT2, GOT1, TAT and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• homocysteineReach from here →
  1. L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and histamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Formation of Homocystine

  Catalysed by HDC, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular space

• anilineReach from here →
  1. L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10, NatA catalytic subunit (acetylcarnosine)
  3. Acetyl-CoA:arylamine N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by CARNS1, NAA10, NAT2, NAT1cytosol

• aceneuramateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. aceneuramate = aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, AGXT2, NPLextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• CHEBI:17312Reach from here →
  1. L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10, NatA catalytic subunit (acetylcarnosine)
  3. N1,N12-diacetylspermine to N1-acetylspermine conversion

  Catalysed by CARNS1, NAA10cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 5'-deoxyadenosineReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, AGXT2, TYW1B, TYW1extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• all-trans-retinolReach from here →
  1. transport of cysteine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + A = all-trans-retinol + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, MOCOS, RETSATextracellular space, cytosol

• linoleic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 2 routes

• sulfiteReach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, GSS, TSTD1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 6 routes

• D-aspartic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of D-aspartate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC12A2, SLC12A1, SLC1A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  3. palmitoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, CPT2, CPT1Aextracellular space, cytosol, peroxisomeOne of 10 routes

• S-methyl-5'-thioadenosineReach from here →
  1. transport of arginine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  3. S-adenosylmethioninamine:putrescine 3-aminopropyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SLC7A6, SLC3A2, SLC7A7 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• diiodineReach from here →
  1. transport of histidine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. thyroid peroxidase (iodine)
  3. iodide:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, TPOextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• nitrateReach from here →
  1. transport of arginine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Arginine, NADPH:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (Nitric-Oxide-Forming)
  3. Fe(II)-heme b-[protein] + nitric oxide + O2 = Fe(III)-heme b-[protein] + nitrate

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SLC7A6, NOS3, NOS1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine sulfateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine sulfate + iodide + A + H(+) = L-thyroxine sulfate + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, MOCOS, DIO1extracellular space, cytosol

• 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, MOCOS, DIO1, DIO3extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine sulfateReach from here →
  1. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine sulfate + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine sulfate + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, MOCOS, DIO1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• (7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10, NatA catalytic subunit (acetylcarnosine)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C18:3->C16:3), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by CARNS1, NAA10, HADHA, ACADVL and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• CHEBI:17724Reach from here →
  1. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:glycine N-methyltransferase
  3. dimethylglycine dehydrogenase (formaldehyde)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, GNMT, PDPR, DMGDHextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:17769Reach from here →
  1. transport of arginine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  3. Putrescine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, SLC7A6, SLC3A2, SLC7A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes