choline

Three steps

• alpha-linolenic acidReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by CHAT, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bcytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 2 routes

• folic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Folate Transport by Oats

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC26A6, SLC22A8, SLC22A7extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• phenylacetylglycineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. phenylacetyl-CoA:glycine N-phenylacetyltransferase

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 6 routes

• decanoateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)
  3. Decanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CHAT, ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A and 4 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acidReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (DHA)
  3. (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• 5-hydroxytryptophanReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Tryptophan by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-Tryptophan, Tetrahydrobiopterin:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (5-Hydroxylating)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, TPH1, TPH2extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 5(S)-HETEReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Glutathione: 5-HPETE oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, GPX5 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• hexacosan-1-olReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cerotic acid)
  3. hexacosanoyl-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H(+) = hexacosan-1-ol + 2 NADP(+) + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosol

• CHEBI:28666Reach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of LTD4 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• O-decanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)
  3. decanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-decanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A and 5 morecytosol

• 17alpha-hydroxypregnenoloneReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  3. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone)

  Catalysed by CHAT, BCHE, ACHE, CYP17A1cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• pyridoxine 5'-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SCLYcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• N-acetyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)

  Catalysed by CHAT, NAGScytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• a dicarboxylateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC26A6, SLC25A35, SLC25A34extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• K(+)Reach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. K(+)(in) + L-cysteine(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-cysteine(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)

  Catalysed by CHAT, NAGS, SLC1A1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• Ca(2+)Reach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of Ca2+ and K+ (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC12A2, SLC12A1, SLC24A1 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• Cys-tRNA(Cys)Reach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. L-Cysteine:tRNA(Cys) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by CHAT, NAGS, CARS1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• Phe-tRNA(Phe)Reach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Phenylalanine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-Phenylalanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, FARSB, FARSAextracellular space, cytosol

• Gly-tRNA(Gly)Reach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. glycine:tRNA(Gly) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• Trp-tRNA(Trp)Reach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Tryptophan by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-Tryptophan -tRNA(Trp) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, WARS1extracellular space, cytosol

• Ile-tRNA(Ile)Reach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Isoleucine:tRNA(Ile) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, IARS1extracellular space, cytosol

• Gln-tRNA(Gln)Reach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-Glutamine:tRNA(Gln) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, QARS1extracellular space, cytosol

• hypoioditeReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and iodide (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. iodide + H2O2 = hypoiodite + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC26A4, MPO, LPOextracellular space, cytosol

• Asn-tRNA(Asn)Reach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-asparagine)
  3. L-Asparagine:tRNA(Asn) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by CHAT, NAGS, NARS1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• glycocholateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. solute carrier organic anion transporter (glycocholate)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1B3, SLCO1A2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 9 routes

• cholateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. solute carrier organic anion transporter (cholate)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1B3, SLCO1A2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• hydrogen sulfideReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating

  Catalysed by CHAT, NAGS, CTHcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• D-aspartateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-aspartate(in) + sulfate(out) = D-aspartate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate

  Catalysed by CHAT, AGXT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 27 routes

• (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + H2O = (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 9 morecytosol

• CHEBI:30249Reach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Tryptophan by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, IDO1, TDO2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 3-acetamidopropanalReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. N1,N12-diacetylspermine to N1-acetylspermine conversion
  3. N1-acetylspermine:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-acetamidopropanal-forming)

  Catalysed by CHAT, PAOX, SMOXcytosolOne of 4 routes

• oxalateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. oxalate(in) + sulfate(out) = oxalate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC26A2 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• propionic acidReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  3. transport of acetate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, BCHE, ACHE, SLC16A4 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 7 routes

• citric acidReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. ATP citrate lyase (citrate)
  3. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)

  Catalysed by CHAT, ACLY, CScytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• butyric acidReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  3. transport of acetate and butyrate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, BCHE, ACHE, SLC16A4 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• maleateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. maleate(in) + sulfate(out) = maleate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. Myristoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 10 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• (9Z)-octadecenoateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by CHAT, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bcytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 3 routes

• adipic acidReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Activation of adipic acid for Formation of Adipoyl Carnitine
  3. Thioesterification of adipoyl-CoA for Release into Cytosol

  Catalysed by CHAT, ACOT8cytosol, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• orotateReach from here →
  1. an acylcholine + H2O = a carboxylate + choline + H(+)
  2. an acylcholine + H2O = a carboxylate + choline + H(+)
  3. orotate(out) + a carboxylate(in) = orotate(in) + a carboxylate(out)

  Catalysed by BCHE, SLC22A13inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• isocitric acidReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and oxalate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Mitochondrial Carrier (Mc) Tcdb:2.A.29.7.2

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC26A6, SLC25A1extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• glutarateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Production of Glutaryl Carnitine
  3. glutaryl-CoA + H2O = glutarate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B and 2 morecytosolOne of 5 routes

• 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acidReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. ATP citrate lyase (citrate)
  3. D-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by CHAT, ACLY, GOT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (2R,3R)-tartrateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (2R,3R)-tartrate(in) + sulfate(out) = (2R,3R)-tartrate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (S,S)-tartrateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (S,S)-tartrate(in) + sulfate(out) = (S,S)-tartrate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (3R)-citramalateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (3R)-citramalate(in) + sulfate(out) = (3R)-citramalate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (3S)-citramalateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (3S)-citramalate(in) + sulfate(out) = (3S)-citramalate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• docosan-1-olReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (behenic acid)
  3. docosanoyl-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H(+) = docosan-1-ol + 2 NADP(+) + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosol

• hexacosanoateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cerotic acid)
  3. Hexacosanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 morecytosolOne of 2 routes