4-aminobutanoate

Three steps

• glutathioneReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A9, SLC6A14, GSSextracellular space, cytosol

• L-threonineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-threonine(in) + L-glutamine(out) + Na(+)(out) = L-threonine(out) + L-glutamine(in) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, SLC1A5extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 8 routes

• L-saccharopineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N6-(L-1,3-Dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, AASSextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Phenylalanine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. Transport of L-Kynurenine

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, SLC7A8extracellular space, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• leukotriene C4Reach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. leukotriene C4 hydrolysis

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A9, SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosol

• dimethylamineReach from here →
  1. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(out) + L-ornithine(in)
  3. Nomega,Nomega'-dimethyl-L-arginine dimethylamidohydrolase

  Catalysed by GATM, SLC25A2, DDAH1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• taurocyamineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Neurotransmitter:Sodium Symporter (Nss) Tcdb:2.A.22.3.3
  3. taurine + L-arginine = taurocyamine + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A6, GATMextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-cysteateReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Neurotransmitter:Sodium Symporter (Nss) Tcdb:2.A.22.3.3
  3. L-cysteate + H(+) = taurine + CO2

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A6, GADL1, CSADextracellular space, cytosol

• 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, KYNUextracellular space, cytosol

• gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-glutamate:L-cysteine gamma-ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, GCLC, GCLMextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 6-amino-2-oxohexanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-lysine:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosol, peroxisomeOne of 2 routes

• L-homocysteineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, BHMT2extracellular space, cytosol

• carbamoyl phosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. HCO3-:L-glutamine amido-ligase (ADP-forming, carbamate-phosphorylating)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, CADextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• adenosine 5'-phosphosulfateReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. ATP:sulfate adenylyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC26A6, PAPSS1, PAPSS2extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• N,N-dimethylglycineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-homocysteine + glycine betaine = N,N-dimethylglycine + L-methionine

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, BHMTextracellular space, cytosol

• S-methyl-L-methionineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, BHMT2extracellular space, cytosol

• N-acetylputrescineReach from here →
  1. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine
  2. L-ornithine carboxy-lyase (putrescine-forming)
  3. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by GATM, ODC1, SAT1, SAT2cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 4-aminobutanalReach from here →
  1. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine
  2. L-ornithine carboxy-lyase (putrescine-forming)
  3. putrescine + O2 + H2O = 4-aminobutanal + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by GATM, ODC1, AOC1cytosol

• L-glutamyl 5-phosphateReach from here →
  1. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine
  2. L-ornithine + 2-oxoglutarate = L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + L-glutamate
  3. L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + phosphate + NADP(+) = L-glutamyl 5-phosphate + NADPH + H(+)

  Catalysed by GATM, OAT, ALDH18A1

• L-tyrosineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tyrosine + glyoxylate = 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + glycine

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A9, SLC6A14, AADATextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• N(1)-acetylspermidineReach from here →
  1. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine
  2. L-ornithine carboxy-lyase (putrescine-forming)
  3. N(1)-acetylspermidine + O2 + H2O = 3-acetamidopropanal + putrescine + H2O2

  Catalysed by GATM, ODC1, PAOXcytosol

• trans-4-hydroxy-L-prolineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, SLC1A4extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• histamineReach from here →
  1. Formation of homocarnosine
  2. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  3. L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming)

  Catalysed by CARNS1, CNDP1, CNDP2, HDCcytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-2-aminopentanoateReach from here →
  1. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(out) + L-ornithine(in)
  3. 2-oxopentanoate + N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-2-aminopentanoate

  Catalysed by GATM, SLC25A2, AGXT2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• L-thyroxineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and iodide (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine,iodide:acceptor oxidoreductase (iodinating)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC26A4, DIO1, DIO2extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-2-aminohexanoateReach from here →
  1. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(out) + L-ornithine(in)
  3. 2-oxohexanoate + N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine = L-2-aminohexanoate + 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate

  Catalysed by GATM, SLC25A2, AGXT2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of arginine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-arginine + O2 + H2O = 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, IL4I1extracellular space, cytosol

• S-sulfanyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2 L-cysteine = S-sulfanyl-L-cysteine + L-alanine

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, CARS2extracellular space, cytosol

• N-formyl-L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Tryptophan by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, IDO1, TDO2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (glutamine)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, PPATextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. D-fructose 6-phosphate + L-glutamine = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, GFPT2, GFPT1extracellular space, cytosol

• L-methionine (S)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, MSRAextracellular space, cytosol

• L-methionine (R)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (R)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, MSRB3, MSRB1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-glycineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-glycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A9, SLC6A14, GLYATL2extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-[(R)-4-phosphopantothenoyl]-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate:L-cysteine ligase

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, PPCSextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 3-iodo-L-tyrosineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Tyrosine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. thyroid peroxidase (iodine)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, TPOextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-prolineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, SLC1A4extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• estrone 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. estrone 3-sulfate + H2O = estrone + sulfate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC26A6, STSextracellular space, cytosol

• N-benzoylglycineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Hippurate (Benzoylglycinate) Formation

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A9, SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 3-sulfino-L-alanineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Cysteine:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, CDO1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-cysteinylglycineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, GGTLC3, GGT1 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (3R,5S)-1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylateReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. trans-4-Hydroxy-L-proline:NAD+ 5-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, CLTRN, SLC6A20, PYCR1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetateReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of 5-Hydroxyindoleacetate

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC26A6, SLC4A1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• N(5)-[(Z)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of arginine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-arginine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (N-(omega)-hydroxyarginine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, NOS3, NOS1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• Mo-molybdopterinReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, MOCOSextracellular space, cytosol

• (8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoateReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• (2S)-2-aminobutanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + glyoxylate = 2-oxobutanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A9, SLC6A14, AGXT2extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• O-dodecanoyl-R-carnitineReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  3. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (dodecanoylcarnitine)

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, CPT1A, CPT1C and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 7 routes

• thio-Mo-molybdopterinReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A14, MOCOSextracellular space, cytosol

• glycodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Glycodeoxycholate amidohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC6A12, SLC6A9, SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes