D-alanine

Three steps

• D-lysineReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-lysine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-lysine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A6, SLC25A2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• putrescineReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A6, SLC3A2, SLC7A7inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• D-arginineReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-arginine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-arginine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A6, SLC25A2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• cis-aconitic acidReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. transport of cis-aconitate and PEP (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by DAO, PKM, PKLR, SLC25A1cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• N-carbamoyl-L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. carbamoyl phosphate + L-aspartate = N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT2, CADinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• thiosulfateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. transport of malate and thiosulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by DAO, ME2, SLC25A10mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. L-Methionine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by DAO, TYW1B, TYW1, IL4I1cytosol

• di-mu-sulfido-diiron(2+)Reach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, NDUFAB1, FDXR and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-isoleucine + 2-oxoglutarate = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, BCAT2, BCAT1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• 2-oxohexanoateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine
  3. 2-oxohexanoate + N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine = L-2-aminohexanoate + 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate

  Catalysed by DAO, AGXT2

• L-alpha-aminobutyric acidReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  3. glutamic-pyruvic transaminase ((S)-2-aminobutanoate)

  Catalysed by DAO, AGXT2, GPTcytosol

• 5-aminolevulinateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. succinyl-CoA + glycine + H(+) = 5-aminolevulinate + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, ALAS1 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acidReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, BCAT1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, GOT2, GOT1 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• glycochenodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA + glycine = glycochenodeoxycholate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, BAATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• glycochenodeoxycholic acidReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, BAATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• 3-hydroxyanthranilateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, KYNUinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• glyoxylateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (S)-malate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by DAO, ME2, CLYBLOne of 19 routes

• glycolithocholic acidReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (glycine)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, BAATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-2-amino-3-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. Acetyl-CoA:glycine C-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, GCATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• 25-hydroxycholesterolReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. cholesterol + AH2 + O2 = 25-hydroxycholesterol + A + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, CH25Hinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA

  Catalysed by DAO, HMGCL, HMGCLL1mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 13-cis-retinalReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. retinal dehydrogenase (13-cis-retinal)

  Catalysed by DAO, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate

  Catalysed by DAO, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• S(8)-aminomethyldihydrolipoamideReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase ([protein]-N6-(lipoyl)lysine)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, GLDC and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• taurineReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, BAATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinolReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + A = all-trans-retinol + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, RETSATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = L-thyroxine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, DIO1, DIO2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = L-thyroxine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, DIO1, DIO3inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• acetoacetyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. acetoacetate + ATP + CoA = acetoacetyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by DAO, AACSmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (S)-malyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. (S)-malate + ATP + CoA = (S)-malyl-CoA + ADP + phosphate

  Catalysed by DAO, ME2, SUCLG1, SUCLA2

• (R)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. aldehyde dehydrogenase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)

  Catalysed by DAO, AGXT2, ALDH6A1mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (S)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• 3'-dephospho-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. acid phosphatase 2, lysosomal (CoA)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, ACP2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, lysosomeOne of 2 routes

• (2E)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. (2E)-dodecenoyl-CoA formation

  Catalysed by SLC7A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 4,8,12-trimethyltridecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-ketopristanoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, ACAA1, MYO5Binner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, peroxisomeOne of 2 routes

• (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (gamma-linolenate)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 7 routes

• butanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by DAO, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 9 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 11 routes

• dodecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 9 routes

• glutaryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Production of Glutaryl Carnitine

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Binner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• eicosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 12 routes

• itaconyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Itaconate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SUCLG1, SUCLG2, SUCLA2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 13 routes

• tetradecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 11 routes

• octanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, CROTinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 20 routes

• phytanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. phytanate-CoA ligase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• propanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine
  3. 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + NAD(+) + CoA + H2O = propanoyl-CoA + hydrogencarbonate + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by DAO, AGXT2, ALDH6A1

• octadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 4 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 15 routes

• prostaglandin E1Reach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin E1(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin E1(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by DAO, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin F2alphaReach from here →
  1. D-alanine + O2 + H2O = pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. prostaglandin F2alpha(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin F2alpha(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by DAO, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes