glyoxylic acid

Three steps

• dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. Glyoxylate:oxygen oxidoreductase
  2. transport of oxalate and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate + H2O = 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one + sulfate + H(+)

  Catalysed by HAO1, SLC26A6, STSperoxisome, extracellular space, cytosol

• L-dopaquinoneReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of glycine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Tyrosine,L-dopa:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC7A5, TYRmitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-threonineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 9 routes

• L-saccharopineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of glycine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N6-(L-1,3-Dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC7A6, AASSmitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol

• L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• beta-alanineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC6A9, SLC6A14 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + an acyl-CoA = a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + CoA

  Catalysed by CLYBL, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus

• 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. hydroxypyruvate aldose-ketose-isomerase

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, HYImitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• dimethylamineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + glyoxylate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
  3. Nomega,Nomega'-dimethyl-L-arginine dimethylamidohydrolase

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, DDAH1mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• taurocyamineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of arginine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. taurine + L-arginine = taurocyamine + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC7A6, GATMmitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-glutamate 5-semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
  3. L-ornithine + 2-oxoglutarate = L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GATM, OATmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• L-cysteateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)
  3. L-cysteate + H(+) = taurine + CO2

  Catalysed by CLYBL, BAAT, GADL1, CSADmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• N(1)-acetylspermineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  3. N(1)-acetylspermine + O2 + H2O = 3-acetamidopropanal + spermidine + H2O2

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SAT1, SAT2, PAOXmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol

• porphobilinogenReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. succinyl-CoA:glycine C-succinyltransferase (decarboxylating)
  3. 5-aminolevulinate hydro-lyase (adding 5-aminolevulinate and cyclizing

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, ALAS1, ALAS2 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-glutamate:L-cysteine gamma-ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 3 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 6-amino-2-oxohexanoateReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of glycine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-lysine:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC7A6mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol, peroxisome

• L-homocysteineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of glycine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC7A5, BHMT2mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• carbamoyl phosphateReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of glutamine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. HCO3-:L-glutamine amido-ligase (ADP-forming, carbamate-phosphorylating)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC7A5, CADmitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• adenosine 5'-phosphosulfateReach from here →
  1. Glyoxylate:oxygen oxidoreductase
  2. transport of oxalate and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. ATP:sulfate adenylyltransferase

  Catalysed by HAO1, SLC26A6, PAPSS1, PAPSS2peroxisome, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• N,N-dimethylglycineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. sarcosine + O2 + H2O = formaldehyde + glycine + H2O2
  3. (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolyl-(gamma-L-Glu)(n) + N,N-dimethylglycine + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] + H(+) = (6R)-5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolyl-(gamma-L-Glu)(n) + sarcosine + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein]

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, PIPOX, DMGDHmitochondrial matrix

• S-methyl-L-methionineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of glycine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC7A5, BHMT2mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol

• N-acetylputrescineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol

• (2R)-2-phosphoglycerateReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydro-lyase (phosphoenolpyruvate-forming)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, PKM, PKLR and 3 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• glutathione disulfideReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. Glutathione: 5-HPETE oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GSS, GPX5 and 8 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 36 routes

• 3-oxosphinganineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. Palmitoyl-CoA:L-serine C-palmitoyltransferase (decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 8 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• taurolithocholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and sulfotaurolithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 1-hexadecanoylglycerone 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase (DHAP)

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, peroxisome

• N(1)-acetylspermidineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  3. spermidine + acetyl-CoA = N(1)-acetylspermidine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SAT1, SAT2mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 3-aminopropanalReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermine)
  3. spermidine:oxygen oxidoreductase (spermidine-forming)

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SAT1, SAT2, SMOXmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• trans-4-hydroxy-L-prolineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

• 5-oxo-L-prolineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. glutathione = L-cysteinylglycine + 5-oxo-L-proline

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GSS, CHAC2 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix

• histamineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and histamine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• L-2-aminopentanoateReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + glyoxylate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
  3. 2-oxopentanoate + N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-2-aminopentanoate

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2mitochondrial matrix

• (2S)-2-[5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido]succinateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. (S)-malate hydro-lyase (fumarate-forming)
  3. 1-(5'-Phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-(N-succinocarboxamide)-imidazole AMP-lyase

  Catalysed by CLYBL, FH, ADSLmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-thyroxineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and thyroxine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• kynurenateReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, AADAT, KYAT3mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• L-2-aminohexanoateReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + glyoxylate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
  3. 2-oxohexanoate + N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine = L-2-aminohexanoate + 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2mitochondrial matrix

• 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamideReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase
  3. phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase (10-formyl-THF)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SHMT1, ATICmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of arginine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-arginine + O2 + H2O = 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC7A6, IL4I1mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol

• N(8)-acetylspermidineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N(8)-acetylspermidine + H2O = spermidine + acetate

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• N(1),N(12)-diacetylspermineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. N1,N12-diacetylspermine to N1-acetylspermine conversion
  3. N1,N12-diacetylspermine to N1-acetylspermine conversion

  Catalysed by CLYBLmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (EPA)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 8 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• S-sulfanyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2 L-cysteine = S-sulfanyl-L-cysteine + L-alanine

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + CoA

  Catalysed by CLYBL, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 14 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus

• N-formyl-L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of glycine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC7A5, IDO1 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol

• (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoateReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-3-amino-isobutanoate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, ABATmitochondrial matrix

• 5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of glutamine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (glutamine)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC7A5, PPATmitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• phosphoenolpyruvateReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. Pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, PC, PCK1 and 1 moremitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• an N-acetyl-L-cysteine-S-conjugateReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. an N-acetyl-L-cysteine-S-conjugate + H2O = an S-substituted L-cysteine + acetate

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol