choline

Three steps

• lithocholic acidReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of lithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1B3, SLCO1A2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• phosphatidic acidReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. acyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 2-O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by CHAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 10 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• (R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. choline dehydrogenase (choline)
  2. p-cumic alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)

  Catalysed by CHDH, ALDH7A1, SLC22A5cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-citrullineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. transport of citrulline and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 39 routes

• CHEBI:16523Reach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. transport of D-serine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• protein polypeptide chainReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. PROTEIN_BS

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 17 routes

• N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  3. N2-Acetyl-L-ornithine amidohydrolase

  Catalysed by CHAT, BCHE, ACHE, ACY1cytosol

• 2-phenylacetamideReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Phenylalanine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-phenylalanine:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, EPXextracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:16633Reach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SCLYcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• Met-tRNA(Met)Reach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetylmethionine)
  3. L-Methionine:tRNAMet ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by CHAT, NAGS, MARS1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (S)-lactateReach from here →
  1. choline + A = betaine aldehyde + AH2
  2. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + AH2 + 2 O2 = prostaglandin H2 + A + H2O
  3. prostaglandin H2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin H2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by CHDH, PTGS1, PTGS2, SLCO2A1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• quinolinic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of Quinolinic Acid

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC26A6, SLC22A6extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetylmethionine)
  3. glyoxylate + L-methionine = 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by CHAT, NAGS, AADATcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Phenylalanine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. (S)-lactate + L-phenylalanine = N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanine + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, CNDP2extracellular space, cytosol

• 2-oxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cystathionine)
  3. L-cystathionine cysteine-lyase (deaminating

  Catalysed by CHAT, NAGS, CTHcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• tryptamineReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Tryptophan by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-tryptophan decarboxy-lyase

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, DDCextracellular space, cytosol

• 2-oxoglutaramateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, KYAT1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• formaldehydeReach from here →
  1. choline + A = betaine aldehyde + AH2
  2. A + NADH + H(+) = AH2 + NAD(+)
  3. N(6),N(6)-dimethyl-L-lysyl(4)-[histone H3] + 2 A + 2 H2O = L-lysyl(4)-[histone H3] + 2 formaldehyde + 2 AH2

  Catalysed by CHDH, AIFM1, PYROXD1, KDM1A and 1 moreOne of 3 routes

• pantetheine 4'-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. acid phosphatase 2, lysosomal (CoA)
  3. Dephospho-CoA nucleotidohydrolase

  Catalysed by CHAT, ACP2, ENPP3, ENPP1cytosol, lysosomeOne of 2 routes

• sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. choline + A = betaine aldehyde + AH2
  2. 2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + AH2 + O2 = 2-[(11R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,12E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + A + H2O
  3. 2-[(11R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,12E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O = (11R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,12E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHDH, PTGS2, PLA2G4AOne of 3 routes

• psychosineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. UDP-alpha-D-galactose:sphingosine 1-beta-galactosyltransferase

  Catalysed by CHAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 1 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• glyoxylic acidReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. glycine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, peroxisome

• creatineReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of Guanidinoacetic Acid
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, GAMTextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by CHAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 5 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrial matrix

• bilirubin IXalphaReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of bilirubin (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1B3, SLCO1A2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• a cholesterol esterReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. an acyl-CoA + cholesterol = a cholesterol ester + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 3 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acidReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  3. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and acetate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, BCHE, ACHE, SLC16A4 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• taurolithocholateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of S-glutathionyl-2-4-dinitrobenzene (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1B3, SLCO1A2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• CHEBI:17208Reach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glutathione:dehydroascorbate oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular space

• homocysteineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Formation of Homocystine

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular space

• S-(4,8-dimethylnonanoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Carnitine Dimethyl Nonanoyl Transferase, Revsible, Peroxisomal
  3. 4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-CoA + H2O = S-(4,8-dimethylnonanoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, CRAT, CROT, NUDT19cytosol, peroxisome

• S-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (linolenate)
  3. (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoA + H2O = S-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosol

• S-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + H2O = S-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosol

• S-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (palmitolate)
  3. (9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoA + H2O = S-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-4'-phosphopantetheine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosol

• itaconateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Itaconate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming)
  3. Itaconate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SUCLG1, SUCLG2, SUCLA2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• N-octadecanoyl-heptadecasphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. heptadecasphing-4-enine + octadecanoyl-CoA = N-octadecanoyl-heptadecasphing-4-enine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 morecytosol

• 17alpha-hydroxyprogesteroneReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  3. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)

  Catalysed by CHAT, BCHE, ACHE, CYP17A1cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• all-trans-retinolReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. all-trans-Retinol 11-cis-trans-isomerase

  Catalysed by CHAT, DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1 and 2 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• linoleic acidReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by CHAT, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bcytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 3 routes

• sulfiteReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. sulfite(in) + sulfate(out) = sulfite(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• D-aspartic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of D-aspartate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC12A2, SLC12A1, SLC1A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:17380Reach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Tryptophan by Atb0 Transporter
  3. Transport of 3-Hydroxy-L-Kynurenine

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, SLC7A5extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Proline by the Apical Imino Amino Acid Transporters
  3. L-proline:(acceptor) oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, CLTRN, SLC6A20, PRODH2extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• agmatineReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of arginine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-arginine carboxy-lyase (agmatine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 1-(alk-1-enyl)-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. Acyl-CoA:1-alkenylglycerophosphoethanolamine O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by CHAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 5 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• an aldehydeReach from here →
  1. an acylcholine + H2O = a carboxylate + choline + H(+)
  2. an acylcholine + H2O = a carboxylate + choline + H(+)
  3. an aldehyde + O2 + H2O = a carboxylate + H2O2 + H(+)

  Catalysed by BCHE, AOX1

• O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. palmitoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase

  Catalysed by CHAT, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B and 1 morecytosol, peroxisomeOne of 14 routes

• 1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+)Reach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. Lecithin Retinol Acyltransferase (11-Cis)

  Catalysed by CHAT, DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1 and 2 morecytosol

• S-methyl-5'-thioadenosineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  3. S-adenosylmethioninamine:spermidine 3-aminopropyltransferase

  Catalysed by CHAT, SAT1, SAT2, SRM and 1 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• 5-aminolevulinic acidReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. succinyl-CoA:glycine C-succinyltransferase (decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes