L-cystine-bis-glycine

Three steps

• N-acetyl-beta-neuraminic acidReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, CTH, NPLcytosol

• tert-butanolReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. tert-butyl hydroperoxide + 2 glutathione = tert-butanol + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSS, CLIC2 and 4 more

• gamma-Glu-AlaReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A9, SLC3A1 and 6 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• taurineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAATperoxisome, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and triiodothyronine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• a 3-acylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. a 3-acylpyruvate + H2O = a carboxylate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, CTH, FAHD1cytosol

• (R)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. aldehyde dehydrogenase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, ALDH6A1peroxisome, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (S)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAATperoxisome, mitochondrial matrix

• 3'-dephospho-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. acid phosphatase 2, lysosomal (CoA)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, ACP2peroxisome, lysosomeOne of 2 routes

• (2E)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. (2E)-dodecenoyl-CoA formation

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAATperoxisome, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 4,8,12-trimethyltridecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-ketopristanoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, ACAA1 and 1 moreperoxisomeOne of 2 routes

• (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (gamma-linolenate)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, SLC27A2 and 7 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 7 routes

• benzoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. Hippurate (Benzoylglycinate) Formation
  3. benzoyl-CoA + glycine = N-benzoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GLYATmitochondrial matrix

• butanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, ACSM4 and 5 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 9 routes

• dodecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, SLC27A2 and 7 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 10 routes

• glutaryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. Production of Glutaryl Carnitine

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, CPT1A and 2 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• hexadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. hexadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)
  3. hexadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GLYATL3

• eicosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, SLC27A2 and 7 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 12 routes

• itaconyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. Itaconate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, SUCLG1 and 2 moreperoxisome, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, SLC27A2 and 7 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 14 routes

• tetradecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, SLC27A2 and 7 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 12 routes

• octanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, CROTperoxisome, mitochondrial matrixOne of 21 routes

• phytanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. phytanate-CoA ligase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAATperoxisome, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• octadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, SLC27A2 and 6 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 15 routes

• prostaglandin E1Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin E1 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSS, SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin I2Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin I2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSS, SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin F2alphaReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin F2alpha (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSS, SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin H2Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin H2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSS, SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin D2Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin D2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSS, SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• (15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSS, GPX5 and 8 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• D-alanineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A9, SLC3A1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 7,8-dihydrofolateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase
  3. 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SHMT1, DHFR and 1 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• 5-formimidoyltetrahydrofolateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase
  3. 5-Formiminotetrahydrofolate:L-glutamate N-formiminotransferase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SHMT1, FTCDcytosolOne of 2 routes

• leukotriene A4Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and leukotriene A4 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSS, SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• 2-(N(omega)-L-arginino)succinateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-arginine(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-arginine(out)
  3. 2-(Nomega-L-arginino)succinate arginine-lyase (fumarate-forming)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A9, ASLinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 6 routes

• (R)-S-lactoylglutathioneReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSS, GLO1 and 1 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• 4-guanidinobutanoateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-arginine(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-arginine(out)
  3. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A9, GATMinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 2-oxoadipateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. L-2-aminoadipate + glyoxylate = 2-oxoadipate + glycine

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, AADAT

• L-dopaReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of glycine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-dopa(out) + L-phenylalanine(in) = L-dopa(in) + L-phenylalanine(out)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A5, SLC7A8extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

• N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMPReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  3. IMP:L-aspartate ligase (GDP-forming)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A13, ADSS2 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3-guanidinopropanoateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-arginine(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-arginine(out)
  3. beta-alanine + L-arginine = 3-guanidinopropanoate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A9, GATMinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• L-histidineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-arginine(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-arginine(out)
  3. L-histidine(out) + L-arginine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-histidine(in) + L-arginine(out) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A9, SLC7A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 7 routes

• D-ornithineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
  3. D-ornithine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-ornithine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GATM, SLC25A2cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  3. L-Cysteine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, TXNRD1, TXNRD3 and 3 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• S-formylglutathioneReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. alcohol dehydrogenase (formaldehyde)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSS, ADH1C and 5 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, CTH, AGXT2cytosol

• sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, ASAH1 and 3 moreperoxisome, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• D-threonineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. D-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A9, SLC3A1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• spermidineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, SAT1 and 1 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• L-dopaquinoneReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of glycine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Tyrosine,L-dopa:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A5, TYRextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes