L-cystine-bis-glycine

Three steps

• CHEBI:15765Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Leucine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. solute carrier (L-dopa)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A9, SLC3A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• bromideReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. 2-bromoacetaldehyde:glutathione S-(formylmethyl)transferase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSS, MGST3 and 16 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-carbamoyl-L-aspartic acidReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  3. carbamoyl-phosphate:L-aspartate carbamoyltransferase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A13, CADinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of glutamine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-glutamine:D-fructose-6-phosphate isomerase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A5, GFPT2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• thioredoxin dithiolReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. glycine:tRNA(Gly) ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. glycyl-tRNA(gly) phosphorylation

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GARS1cytosolOne of 2 routes

• a halide anionReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. RX + glutathione = an S-substituted glutathione + a halide anion + H(+)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSS, GSTT4 and 22 more

• sulfateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  3. L-aspartate(in) + sulfate(out) = L-aspartate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A13, SLC25A14 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

• ureaReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-arginine(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-arginine(out)
  3. L-Arginine amidinohydrolase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A9, ARG1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoic acidReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, CTH, AGXT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 11-cis-retinolReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, DGAT1 and 4 moreperoxisome, cytosol

• (R)-3-aminoisobutyric acidReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A9, SLC3A1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• lithocholic acidReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and lithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• iodideReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride and iodide (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC6A9, SLC6A14 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• oxaloacetateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. Pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, CTH, PCcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 9 routes

• nitric oxideReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-arginine(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-arginine(out)
  3. L-Arginine, NADPH:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (Nitric-Oxide-Forming)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A9, NOS3 and 2 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
  3. N2-Acetyl-L-ornithine amidohydrolase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GATM, ACY1cytosol

• 2-phenylacetamideReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of glycine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-phenylalanine:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A5, EPXextracellular space, cytosol

• D-alanyl-D-alanineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of D-alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Formation of Alanylalanine

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC3A2, SLC7A10extracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:16633Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A9, SLC3A1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• Met-tRNA(Met)Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of glycine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Methionine:tRNAMet ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A5, MARS1extracellular space, cytosol

• (S)-lactateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, CTH, LDHA and 4 morecytosol

• 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of glycine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glyoxylate + L-methionine = 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A5, AADATextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of glycine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (S)-lactate + L-phenylalanine = N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanine + H2O

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A5, CNDP2extracellular space, cytosol

• 2-oxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, CTH, AGXT2cytosolOne of 6 routes

• tryptamineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of glycine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan decarboxy-lyase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A5, DDCextracellular space, cytosol

• 2-oxoglutaramateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, CTH, KYAT1cytosolOne of 5 routes

• formaldehydeReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:glycine N-methyltransferase
  3. sarcosine:oxygen oxidoreductase (demethylating)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GNMT, PIPOX and 1 morecytosol, peroxisomeOne of 2 routes

• 3-fumarylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. 3-fumarylpyruvate + H2O = fumarate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, CTH, FAHD1cytosol

• creatineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GATM, GAMTcytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-acetyl-L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  3. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A13, NAT8Linner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• bilirubin IXalphaReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of bilirubin and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• oxalic acidReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. glycine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  3. Glyoxylate:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, DAO, HAO1peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acidReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, CTH, SLC16A4 and 5 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• taurolithocholateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and taurolithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 3-hydroxypyruvateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. L-serine + pyruvate = 3-hydroxypyruvate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, CTH, AGXTcytosol

• CHEBI:17208Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. glutathione:dehydroascorbate oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSScytosol

• homocysteineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. Formation of Homocystine

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSScytosol

• L-glutamic 5-semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
  3. L-Ornithine:2-oxo-acid aminotransferase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GATM, OATcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• anilineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. Acetyl-CoA:arylamine N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, NAT2 and 1 moreperoxisome, cytosol

• aceneuramateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. aceneuramate = aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, CTH, NPLcytosol

• CHEBI:17312Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. N1,N12-diacetylspermine to N1-acetylspermine conversion

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAATperoxisome, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 5'-deoxyadenosineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, CTH, TYW1B and 1 morecytosol

• sulfiteReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSS, TSTD1One of 2 routes

• CHEBI:17380Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of glycine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of 3-Hydroxy-L-Kynurenine

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A5extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-proline:(acceptor) oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• agmatineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-arginine(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-arginine(out)
  3. L-arginine carboxy-lyase (agmatine-forming)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A9inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• AH2Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A9, SLC3A1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• indole-3-pyruvateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of glycine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan + O2 + H2O = indole-3-pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A5, IL4I1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• (7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C18:3->C16:3), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, HADHA and 2 moreperoxisome, mitochondrial matrix

• CHEBI:17724Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:glycine N-methyltransferase
  3. dimethylglycine dehydrogenase (formaldehyde)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GNMT, PDPR and 1 morecytosol