putrescine

Three steps

• D-threonineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. D-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC7A10cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol)Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol) + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol) + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 4 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• L-dopaquinoneReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Tyrosine,L-dopa:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, TYRextracellular space, cytosol

• glutathioneReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• L-threonineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC7A10cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 8 routes

• L-saccharopineReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N6-(L-1,3-Dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, KYNUcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• beta-alanineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. beta-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = beta-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC7A10cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 6 routes

• a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + an acyl-CoA = a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 6 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• leukotriene C4Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. leukotriene C4 hydrolysis

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• dimethylamineReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(in) + L-arginine(out) = N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(out) + L-arginine(in)
  3. Nomega,Nomega'-dimethyl-L-arginine dimethylamidohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC25A2, DDAH1extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-cysteateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)
  3. L-cysteate + H(+) = taurine + CO2

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, BAAT, GADL1 and 1 morecytosol

• 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, KYNUcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. L-glutamate:L-cysteine gamma-ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, NAGS, GCLC and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 6-amino-2-oxohexanoateReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-lysine:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A5, SLC7A6extracellular space, cytosol, peroxisomeOne of 2 routes

• L-homocysteineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cystathionine)
  3. L-homocysteine + L-serine = L,L-cystathionine + H2O

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, NAGS, CBScytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• carbamoyl phosphateReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. L-Arginine, NADPH:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (Nitric-Oxide-Forming)
  3. Carbamoyl-phosphate:L-ornithine carbamoyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, NOS3, NOS1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• S-methyl-L-methionineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetylmethionine)
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, NAGS, BHMT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• L-glutamyl 5-phosphateReach from here →
  1. L-ornithine + H(+) = putrescine + CO2
  2. L-ornithine + 2-oxoglutarate = L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + L-glutamate
  3. L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + phosphate + NADP(+) = L-glutamyl 5-phosphate + NADPH + H(+)

  Catalysed by ODC1, OAT, ALDH18A1

• glutathione disulfideReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-arginine(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-arginine(out)
  3. cystine to cysteine conversion

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A9extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 3-oxosphinganineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. Palmitoyl-CoA:L-serine C-palmitoyltransferase (decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 9 morecytosol

• 1-hexadecanoylglycerone 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase (DHAP)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosol, peroxisome

• L-tyrosineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. L-tyrosine + glyoxylate = 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + glycine

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 3-aminopropanalReach from here →
  1. S-adenosylmethioninamine:putrescine 3-aminopropyltransferase
  2. S-adenosylmethioninamine:spermidine 3-aminopropyltransferase
  3. spermidine:oxygen oxidoreductase (spermidine-forming)

  Catalysed by SRM, SMS, SMOXcytosolOne of 3 routes

• trans-4-hydroxy-L-prolineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC1A4cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• histamineReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-2-aminopentanoateReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(in) + L-arginine(out) = N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(out) + L-arginine(in)
  3. 2-oxopentanoate + N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-2-aminopentanoate

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC25A2, AGXT2extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• L-2-aminohexanoateReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(in) + L-arginine(out) = N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine(out) + L-arginine(in)
  3. 2-oxohexanoate + N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine = L-2-aminohexanoate + 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC25A2, AGXT2extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (EPA)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 9 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• S-sulfanyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. 2 L-cysteine = S-sulfanyl-L-cysteine + L-alanine

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, NAGS, CARS2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 15 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• N-formyl-L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, IDO1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• (3S)-citramalyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Itaconate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming)
  3. (3S)-citramalyl-CoA = itaconyl-CoA + H2O

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SUCLG1, SUCLG2 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamineReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (glutamine)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, PPATextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• phosphoenolpyruvateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. ATP citrate lyase (citrate)
  3. oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ACLY, PCK1 and 1 morecytosol

• an N-acetyl-L-cysteine-S-conjugateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  3. an N-acetyl-L-cysteine-S-conjugate + H2O = an S-substituted L-cysteine + acetate

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, HDAC10, ACY3cytosol

• D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-fructose 6-phosphate + L-glutamine = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, GFPT2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• L-methionine (S)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetylmethionine)
  3. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, NAGS, MSRAcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• L-methionine (R)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetylmethionine)
  3. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (R)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, NAGS, MSRB3 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-glycineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-glycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• methylamineReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine(in) + L-arginine(out) = N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine(out) + L-arginine(in)
  3. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine + H2O = L-citrulline + methylamine

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC25A29, DDAH1extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• N-[(R)-4-phosphopantothenoyl]-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate:L-cysteine ligase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, NAGS, PPCScytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• 3-iodo-L-tyrosineReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. thyroid peroxidase (iodine)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, TPOextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 1-acyl-2-(9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = 1-acyl-2-(9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosol

• L-prolineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC1A4cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• sphing-4-enine 1-phosphateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. sphing-4-enine + ATP = sphing-4-enine 1-phosphate + ADP + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 4 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• N-benzoylglycineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. Hippurate (Benzoylglycinate) Formation

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 3-sulfino-L-alanineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. L-Cysteine:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, NAGS, CDO1cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (2E)-tetradecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. trans-tetradec-2-enoyl-CoA reductase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• (2E)-decenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)
  3. trans-dec-2-enoyl-CoA reductase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ACSM4, ACSM1 and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes