glyoxylic acid

Three steps

• D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of glutamine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-fructose 6-phosphate + L-glutamine = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC7A5, GFPT2 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol

• L-methionine (S)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of glycine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC7A5, MSRAmitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol

• L-methionine (R)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of glycine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (R)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC7A5, MSRB3 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol

• S-sulfanylglutathioneReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. Sulfide:glutathione,quinone oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GSS, SQORmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 7 routes

• methylamineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine + glyoxylate = 5-(3-methylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
  3. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine + H2O = L-citrulline + methylamine

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, DDAH1mitochondrial matrix

• N-[(R)-4-phosphopantothenoyl]-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate:L-cysteine ligase

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• monodehydro-L-ascorbate radicalReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + CoA + H(+)
  3. N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GLYATL3, GLYATL2 and 1 moremitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterinReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. L-tyrosine + glyoxylate = 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + glycine
  3. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-phenylalanine + O2 = (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tyrosine

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, AADAT, PAHmitochondrial matrix

• 4-aminobutanoateReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC6A9, SLC6A14 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 3-iodo-L-tyrosineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of glycine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. thyroid peroxidase (iodine)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC7A5, TPOmitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• dopamineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of dopamine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• (2S)-2-phospholactateReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. (2S)-2-phospholactate + H2O = (S)-lactate + phosphate

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, LDHA, LDHB and 4 moremitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 1-acyl-2-(9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = 1-acyl-2-(9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• glycolithocholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (glycine)
  3. sulfotransferase (glycolithocholate)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, BAAT, SULT2A1mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• L-prolineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

• estrone 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. Glyoxylate:oxygen oxidoreductase
  2. transport of oxalate and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. estrone 3-sulfate + H2O = estrone + sulfate + H(+)

  Catalysed by HAO1, SLC26A6, STSperoxisome, extracellular space, cytosol

• sphing-4-enine 1-phosphateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. sphing-4-enine + ATP = sphing-4-enine 1-phosphate + ADP + H(+)

  Catalysed by CLYBL, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 3 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus

• prostaglandin E2Reach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and prostaglandin E2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• 3-sulfino-L-alanineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Cysteine:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (2E)-tetradecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. trans-tetradec-2-enoyl-CoA reductase

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• (2E)-decenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)
  3. trans-dec-2-enoyl-CoA reductase

  Catalysed by CLYBL, ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 8 routes

• dGTPReach from here →
  1. glycolate:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. N(2)-(1-hydroxy-2-oxoethyl)-dGTP + H2O = dGTP + glycolate + H(+)
  3. N(2)-(1-hydroxy-2-oxoethyl)-dGTP + H2O = dGTP + glycolate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GRHPR, PARK7cytosol

• L-cysteinylglycineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. glutathione gamma-glutamylaminopeptidase

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GSS, GGTLC3 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 8 routes

• (2E)-hexenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (hexanoic acid)
  3. trans-hex-2-enoyl-CoA reductase

  Catalysed by CLYBL, ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• a cardiolipinReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. 1'-[1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho],3'-[1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho]-glycerol + an acyl-CoA = a cardiolipin + CoA

  Catalysed by CLYBL, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus

• (2E)-octenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
  3. trans-oct-2-enoyl-CoA reductase

  Catalysed by CLYBL, CROT, MECRmitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• 3-oxotetradecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)
  3. dodecanoyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H(+) = 3-oxotetradecanoyl-CoA + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetateReach from here →
  1. Glyoxylate:oxygen oxidoreductase
  2. transport of oxalate and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of 5-Hydroxyindoleacetate

  Catalysed by HAO1, SLC26A6, SLC4A1peroxisome, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• leukotriene D4Reach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. leukotriene C4 hydrolysis
  3. leukotriene C4 + H2O = leukotriene D4 + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GGT1, GGT5mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• an all-trans-retinyl esterReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. all-trans-retinol + an acyl-CoA = an all-trans-retinyl ester + CoA

  Catalysed by CLYBL, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatusOne of 4 routes

• dTMPReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. DTDP Diphosphohydrolase

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, PKM, PKLR and 3 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• ubiquinol-10Reach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. ubiquinone-10 + hydrogen sulfide + glutathione + H(+) = S-sulfanylglutathione + ubiquinol-10

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GSS, SQORmitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. 1-O-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + sphing-4-enine = 1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H(+)

  Catalysed by CLYBL, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + CoA

  Catalysed by CLYBL, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus

• a triacyl-sn-glycerolReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. an acyl-CoA + a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol = a triacyl-sn-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by CLYBL, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 7 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol)Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) + CoA

  Catalysed by CLYBL, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus

• 1-octadecanoyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-1D-myo-inositolReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-D-myo-inositol + octadecanoyl-CoA = 1-octadecanoyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-1D-myo-inositol + CoA

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 3-oxoeicosasphinganineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. octadecanoyl-CoA + L-serine + H(+) = 3-oxoeicosasphinganine + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 3-oxoeicosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA synthase (malonyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 11 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-docosanoylsphinganineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (behenic acid)
  3. docosanoyl-CoA + sphinganine = N-docosanoylsphinganine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 8 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• N-eicosanoylsphinganineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)
  3. eicosanoyl-CoA + sphinganine = N-eicosanoylsphinganine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 8 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• N-(octadecanoyl)-sphinganineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. sphinganine + octadecanoyl-CoA = N-(octadecanoyl)-sphinganine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 10 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• N-(tetradecanoyl)-sphinganineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. sphinganine + tetradecanoyl-CoA = N-(tetradecanoyl)-sphinganine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 3-oxohexadecasphinganineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. tetradecanoyl-CoA + L-serine + H(+) = 3-oxohexadecasphinganine + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 3-oxotetradecasphinganineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)
  3. dodecanoyl-CoA + L-serine + H(+) = 3-oxotetradecasphinganine + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• N(5)-[(Z)-amino(hydroxyimino)methyl]ornithineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of arginine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-arginine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (N-(omega)-hydroxyarginine-forming)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC7A6, NOS3 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol

• xanthurenateReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = xanthurenate + glycine + H2O

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, AADAT, KYAT3mitochondrial matrix

• Mo-molybdopterinReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol

• 3-oxooctadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA synthase (malonyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 12 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3-oxodocosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)
  3. very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA synthase (eicosanoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 12 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes