2-oxobutanoate

Three steps

• homogentisateReach from here →
  1. (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + glyoxylate = 2-oxobutanoate + glycine
  2. L-tyrosine + glyoxylate = 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + glycine
  3. 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating,decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, AADAT, HPDcytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:16174Reach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. nucleoside-diphosphate kinase (dADP)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, PKM, PKLR, NME4 and 5 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• sulfateReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-kynurenine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + kynurenate + H2O
  2. kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  3. a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC22A8, SLC25A35, SLC25A34inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 8 routes

• L-cystineReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  3. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SLC7A10, SLC7A9 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:16284Reach from here →
  1. branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1 (2-oxobutyrate)
  2. lipoamide to thiamin-PP conversion
  3. Antiport of thiamine-diphosphate and dATP

  Catalysed by BCKDHA, BCKDHB, DBT, SLC25A19mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• 11-cis-retinolReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutyrate oxidation
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ACOT7, DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1 and 2 morecytosol

• (R)-3-aminoisobutyric acidReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  3. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SLC7A10, AGXT2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-kynurenine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + kynurenate + H2O
  2. kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC22A6, SLC22A8inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-citrullineReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  3. transport of citrulline and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SHMT1, SLC7A9 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 9 routes

• L-valineReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  3. transport of glycine and valine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SHMT1, SLC7A5extracellular space, cytosolOne of 18 routes

• L-arginineReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  3. transport of arginine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SHMT1, SLC7A6extracellular space, cytosolOne of 17 routes

• CHEBI:16497Reach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. dGTP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase

  Catalysed by AGXT2, PKM, PKLRcytosol

• selaneReach from here →
  1. Selenocystathionine Lysteine-lyase (deaminating)
  2. Selenocystathionine Lysteine-lyase (deaminating)
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by CTH, SCLYcytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:16523Reach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  3. transport of D-serine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SHMT1, SLC3A2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• protein polypeptide chainReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  3. PROTEIN_BS

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SHMT1cytosolOne of 4 routes

• N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithineReach from here →
  1. 2-hydroxybutyrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and acetate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N2-Acetyl-L-ornithine amidohydrolase

  Catalysed by LDHB, LDHC, LDHAL6A, LDHAL6B and 5 morecytosol, extracellular space

• Met-tRNA(Met)Reach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. L-Methionine:tRNAMet ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, TYW1B, TYW1, MARS1cytosol

• (R)-glycerateReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  2. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. D-glycerate:NADP+ 2-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by AGXT2, AGXT, GRHPRcytosolOne of 4 routes

• N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. (S)-lactate + L-phenylalanine = N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanine + H2O

  Catalysed by AGXT2, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 3 more

• enol-phenylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + glyoxylate = 2-oxobutanoate + glycine
  2. glyoxylate + L-phenylalanine = 3-phenylpyruvate + glycine
  3. 3-phenylpyruvate = enol-phenylpyruvate

  Catalysed by AGXT2, AADAT, MIF

• CHEBI:16856Reach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  3. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SHMT1, GSScytosol

• CHEBI:16857Reach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  3. transport of glycine and threonine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SHMT1, SLC3A2 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 15 routes

• glyoxylic acidReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  3. glycine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SHMT1, DAOperoxisomeOne of 4 routes

• trans-1,2-dithiane-4,5-diolReach from here →
  1. Selenocystathionine Lysteine-lyase (deaminating)
  2. Selenocystathionine Lysteine-lyase (deaminating)
  3. selenocysteine lyase (dithiothreitol)

  Catalysed by CTH, SCLYcytosol

• ferrocytochrome cReach from here →
  1. 2-hydroxybutyrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (S)-Lactate:ferricytochrome-c 2-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by LDHB, LDHC, LDHAL6A, LDHAL6B and 8 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• glycolaldehydeReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  2. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. hydroxypyruvate carboxy-lyase (glycolaldehyde-forming)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, AGXTcytosolOne of 2 routes

• aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-mannosamineReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, NPLcytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-isoleucineReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  3. transport of glycine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SHMT1, SLC7A5extracellular space, cytosolOne of 14 routes

• CHEBI:17203Reach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  3. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SHMT1, SLC7A5 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 12 routes

• (S)-4-hydroxymandelateReach from here →
  1. (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + glyoxylate = 2-oxobutanoate + glycine
  2. L-tyrosine + glyoxylate = 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + glycine
  3. 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + O2 = (S)-4-hydroxymandelate + CO2

  Catalysed by AGXT2, AADAT, HPDL

• itaconateReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-kynurenine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + kynurenate + H2O
  2. kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. itaconate + glutaryl-CoA = itaconyl-CoA + glutarate

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC22A6, SUGCTinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 17alpha-hydroxyprogesteroneReach from here →
  1. 2-hydroxybutyrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and acetate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)

  Catalysed by LDHB, LDHC, LDHAL6A, LDHAL6B and 5 morecytosol, extracellular space, endoplasmic reticulum

• anilineReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutyrate oxidation
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. Acetyl-CoA:arylamine N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by ACOT7, NAT2, NAT1cytosol

• CHEBI:17312Reach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutyrate oxidation
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. N1,N12-diacetylspermine to N1-acetylspermine conversion

  Catalysed by ACOT7cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarateReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutanoate + L-kynurenine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + kynurenate + H2O
  2. kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate + glutaryl-CoA = (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + glutarate

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC22A6, SUGCTinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• linoleic acidReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutyrate oxidation
  2. Active Transport
  3. Utilized Transport

  No catalyst recordedcytosol, mitochondrial matrix, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 2 routes

• sulfiteReach from here →
  1. (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + glyoxylate = 2-oxobutanoate + glycine
  2. glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (S)-malate + CoA + H(+)
  3. transport of malate and sulfite (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, CLYBL, SLC25A10mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:17380Reach from here →
  1. (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + glyoxylate = 2-oxobutanoate + glycine
  2. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = xanthurenate + glycine + H2O
  3. Kynurenine-Oxoglutarate Transaminase

  Catalysed by AGXT2, KYAT3, AADATmitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• enol-oxaloacetateReach from here →
  1. (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + glyoxylate = 2-oxobutanoate + glycine
  2. glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (S)-malate + CoA + H(+)
  3. (S)-malate + a quinone = enol-oxaloacetate + a quinol

  Catalysed by AGXT2, CLYBL, SDHB, SDHA

• O-hexadecanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutyrate oxidation
  2. Active Transport
  3. palmitoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase

  Catalysed by CPT2, CPT1Acytosol, mitochondrial matrix, peroxisomeOne of 10 routes

• AH2Reach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  3. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SLC7A10, MOCOSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 7 routes

• 5-aminolevulinic acidReach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  3. succinyl-CoA:glycine C-succinyltransferase (decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SHMT1, ALAS1 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix

• L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutyrate oxidation
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)

  Catalysed by ACOT7, NAGScytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 30 routes

• (7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutyrate oxidation
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C18:3->C16:3), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by ACOT7, HADHA, ACADVL, HADHBcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• Ala-tRNA(Ala)Reach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  3. L-Alanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SLC7A10, AARS1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• 4-methylumbelliferyl acetateReach from here →
  1. 2-hydroxybutyrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and acetate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate + H2O = 4-methylumbelliferone + acetate + H(+)

  Catalysed by LDHB, LDHC, LDHAL6A, LDHAL6B and 7 morecytosol, extracellular space

• urateReach from here →
  1. 2-hydroxybutyrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by LDHB, LDHC, LDHAL6A, LDHAL6B and 8 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• CHEBI:17895Reach from here →
  1. L-threonine = 2-oxobutanoate + NH4(+)
  2. L-threonine = acetaldehyde + glycine
  3. transport of glycine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SDS, SDSL, SHMT1, SLC7A5extracellular space, cytosolOne of 16 routes

• all-trans-retinalReach from here →
  1. 2-hydroxybutyrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. retinoate reduction

  Catalysed by LDHB, LDHC, LDHAL6A, LDHAL6B and 4 morecytosol, extracellular space

• CHEBI:17927Reach from here →
  1. 2-oxobutyrate oxidation
  2. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion

  Catalysed by ACOT7cytosol