formate

Three steps

• S-methyl glutathioneReach from here →
  1. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)
  2. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. apo-[alkylcobalamin reductase] + methylcob(III)alamin + glutathione = S-methyl glutathione + cob(I)alamin-[alkylcobalamin reductase] + H(+)

  Catalysed by ESD, MMACHC

• S-adenosylglutathioneReach from here →
  1. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)
  2. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. apo-[alkylcobalamin reductase] + adenosylcob(III)alamin + glutathione = S-adenosylglutathione + cob(I)alamin-[alkylcobalamin reductase] + H(+)

  Catalysed by ESD, MMACHC

• 2-formamido-N(1)-(5-O-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)acetamidineReach from here →
  1. (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + formate + ATP = (6R)-10-formyltetrahydrofolate + ADP + phosphate
  2. N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + (6R)-10-formyltetrahydrofolate = N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + H(+)
  3. N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + L-glutamine + ATP + H2O = 2-formamido-N(1)-(5-O-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)acetamidine + L-glutamate + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by MTHFD1, MTHFD1L, GART, PFAS

• acetylcholineReach from here →
  1. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)
  2. S-Formylglutathione hydrolase
  3. transport of acetylcholine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by ESD, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• pyruvateReach from here →
  1. 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylsulfanyl)pent-1-en-3-one + O2 = 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanoate + CO + formate + 2 H(+)
  2. acireductone dioxygenase
  3. transport of formate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by ADI1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• all-trans-retinoic acidReach from here →
  1. 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylsulfanyl)pent-1-en-3-one + O2 = 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanoate + CO + formate + 2 H(+)
  2. acireductone dioxygenase
  3. transport of formate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by ADI1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterinReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  3. L-tryptophan,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase(5-hydroxylating)

  Catalysed by AFMID, IDO1, TDO2, IDO2 and 2 morecytosol

• (S)-malateReach from here →
  1. oxalate(in) + formate(out) = oxalate(out) + formate(in)
  2. oxalate(in) + sulfate(out) = oxalate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. transport of malate and sulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC26A2, SLC25A30 and 2 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• L-leucineReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  3. Transport of L-Kynurenine

  Catalysed by AFMID, SLC43A1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 7 routes

• CHEBI:15611Reach from here →
  1. formaldehyde + NAD(+) + H2O = formate + NADH + 2 H(+)
  2. dimethylglycine dehydrogenase (formaldehyde)
  3. dimethylglycine dehydrogenase (formaldehyde)

  Catalysed by ALDH9A1, PDPR, DMGDHcytosolOne of 3 routes

• (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolateReach from here →
  1. (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + formate + ATP = (6R)-10-formyltetrahydrofolate + ADP + phosphate
  2. (6R)-10-formyltetrahydrofolate + NADP(+) + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + CO2 + NADPH + H(+)
  3. (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-serine

  Catalysed by MTHFD1, MTHFD1L, ALDH1L1, ALDH1L2 and 2 moreOne of 3 routes

• 10-formyltetrahydrofolic acidReach from here →
  1. 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylsulfanyl)pent-1-en-3-one + O2 = 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanoate + CO + formate + 2 H(+)
  2. acireductone dioxygenase
  3. Formate:tetrahydrofolate ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by ADI1, MTHFD1cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acidReach from here →
  1. formaldehyde + NAD(+) + H2O = formate + NADH + 2 H(+)
  2. formaldehyde to 5,10-methylene-THF conversion
  3. 5-methyltetrahydrofolate:NADP+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by ALDH9A1, MTHFRcytosolOne of 2 routes

• (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterinReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  3. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tryptophan + O2 = 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin

  Catalysed by AFMID, IDO1, TDO2, IDO2 and 2 more

• CHEBI:15650Reach from here →
  1. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)
  2. S-Formylglutathione hydrolase
  3. transport of GSH and leukotriene E4 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by ESD, SLCO1B1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:15699Reach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  3. transport of homoserine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AFMID, IDO1, TDO2, IDO2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• malonateReach from here →
  1. oxalate(in) + formate(out) = oxalate(out) + formate(in)
  2. oxalate(in) + sulfate(out) = oxalate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. malonate(in) + sulfate(out) = malonate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC26A2, SLC25A30 and 2 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• bromideReach from here →
  1. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)
  2. S-Formylglutathione hydrolase
  3. 2-bromoacetaldehyde:glutathione S-(formylmethyl)transferase

  Catalysed by ESD, MGST3, GSTA4, GSTA1 and 14 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:15971Reach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  3. transport of histidine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AFMID, IDO1, TDO2, IDO2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• a halide anionReach from here →
  1. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)
  2. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. RX + glutathione = an S-substituted glutathione + a halide anion + H(+)

  Catalysed by ESD, GSTT4, GSTA4, GSTZ1 and 20 more

• lithocholic acidReach from here →
  1. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)
  2. S-Formylglutathione hydrolase
  3. transport of GSH and lithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by ESD, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• L-citrullineReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  3. transport of citrulline and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AFMID, IDO1, TDO2, IDO2 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• L-valineReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  3. transport of tryptophan and valine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AFMID, IDO1, TDO2, IDO2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• L-arginineReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  3. transport of arginine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AFMID, IDO1, TDO2, IDO2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• protein polypeptide chainReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  3. PROTEIN_BS

  Catalysed by AFMID, IDO1, TDO2, IDO2cytosol

• anthranilateReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  3. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by AFMID, KYNU

• quinolinic acidReach from here →
  1. oxalate(in) + formate(out) = oxalate(out) + formate(in)
  2. oxalate(in) + sulfate(out) = oxalate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. Transport of Quinolinic Acid

  Catalysed by SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC26A2, SLC25A30 and 2 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• tryptamineReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  3. L-tryptophan decarboxy-lyase

  Catalysed by AFMID, IDO1, TDO2, IDO2 and 1 morecytosol

• CHEBI:16857Reach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  3. transport of threonine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AFMID, IDO1, TDO2, IDO2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• bilirubin IXalphaReach from here →
  1. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)
  2. S-Formylglutathione hydrolase
  3. transport of bilirubin and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by ESD, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• oxalic acidReach from here →
  1. oxalate(in) + formate(out) = oxalate(out) + formate(in)
  2. oxalate(in) + sulfate(out) = oxalate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. transport of oxalate and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC26A2, SLC25A30 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acidReach from here →
  1. 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylsulfanyl)pent-1-en-3-one + O2 = 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanoate + CO + formate + 2 H(+)
  2. acireductone dioxygenase
  3. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by ADI1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• taurolithocholateReach from here →
  1. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)
  2. S-Formylglutathione hydrolase
  3. transport of GSH and taurolithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by ESD, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• L-isoleucineReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  3. transport of isoleucine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AFMID, IDO1, TDO2, IDO2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• CHEBI:17203Reach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  3. transport of proline and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AFMID, IDO1, TDO2, IDO2 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• CHEBI:17208Reach from here →
  1. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)
  2. S-Formylglutathione hydrolase
  3. glutathione:dehydroascorbate oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by ESDcytosol

• homocysteineReach from here →
  1. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)
  2. S-Formylglutathione hydrolase
  3. Formation of Homocystine

  Catalysed by ESDcytosol

• sulfiteReach from here →
  1. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)
  2. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by ESD, TSTD1One of 4 routes

• CHEBI:17380Reach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  3. L-Kynurenine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)

  Catalysed by AFMID, KMOcytosolOne of 3 routes

• L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  3. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-cysteine + H2O

  Catalysed by AFMID, AADATOne of 6 routes

• indole-3-pyruvateReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  3. L-tryptophan + O2 + H2O = indole-3-pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by AFMID, IDO1, TDO2, IDO2 and 1 moreOne of 2 routes

• 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine sulfateReach from here →
  1. oxalate(in) + formate(out) = oxalate(out) + formate(in)
  2. oxalate(in) + sulfate(out) = oxalate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. Steryl-Sulfatase

  Catalysed by SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC26A2, SLC25A30 and 2 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• urateReach from here →
  1. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)
  2. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)

  Catalysed by ESD, SLC22A13inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophanReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  3. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tryptophan + O2 = 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin

  Catalysed by AFMID, IDO1, TDO2, IDO2 and 2 more

• methylarsonous acidReach from here →
  1. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)
  2. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. methylarsonate + 2 glutathione + H(+) = methylarsonous acid + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by ESD, GSTO1, GSTO2

• CHEBI:17895Reach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  3. transport of tryptophan and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AFMID, IDO1, TDO2, IDO2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• fumaric acidReach from here →
  1. oxalate(in) + formate(out) = oxalate(out) + formate(in)
  2. oxalate(in) + sulfate(out) = oxalate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. transport of fumarate and sulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC26A2, SLC25A30 and 2 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:18019Reach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  3. transport of lysine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AFMID, IDO1, TDO2, IDO2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-glutamineReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  3. transport of glutamine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AFMID, IDO1, TDO2, IDO2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• arsenic triglutathioneReach from here →
  1. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)
  2. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. arsenic triglutathione + 3 [thioredoxin]-dithiol + 3 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = trimethylarsine + 3 [thioredoxin]-disulfide + 3 glutathione + 3 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3 H(+)

  Catalysed by ESD, AS3MTOne of 3 routes