choline

Three steps

• a 1,3-diacylglycerolReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 1-acylglycerol + an acyl-CoA = a 1,3-diacylglycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 3 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• a 1,2-diacylglycerolReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 2-acylglycerol + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacylglycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 6 morecytosol, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• gamma-Glu-AlaReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, GGT1 and 5 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• S(8)-aminomethyldihydrolipoamideReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase ([protein]-N6-(lipoyl)lysine)

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• a thioesterReach from here →
  1. an acylcholine + H2O = a carboxylate + choline + H(+)
  2. an acylcholine + H2O = a carboxylate + choline + H(+)
  3. a thioester + H2O = a thiol + a carboxylate + H(+)

  Catalysed by BCHE, PNKD

• an N-acylsphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. sphing-4-enine + a fatty acyl-CoA = an N-acylsphing-4-enine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 7 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• N-tetracosanoylsphinganineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lignocerate)
  3. tetracosanoyl-CoA + sphinganine = N-tetracosanoylsphinganine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 8 morecytosol

• N-hexacosanoylsphinganineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cerotic acid)
  3. hexacosanoyl-CoA + sphinganine = N-hexacosanoylsphinganine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 8 morecytosol

• 1-O-hexadecyl-2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. phosphocholine + H2O = choline + phosphate
  2. phosphocholine + CTP + H(+) = CDP-choline + diphosphate
  3. 1-O-hexadecyl-2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-sn-glycerol + CDP-choline = 1-O-hexadecyl-2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CMP + H(+)

  Catalysed by PHOSPHO1, PCYT1A, PCYT1B, CEPT1

• malonaldehydeReach from here →
  1. choline + A = betaine aldehyde + AH2
  2. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + AH2 + 2 O2 = prostaglandin H2 + A + H2O
  3. thromboxane A synthase (12(S)-HHT)

  Catalysed by CHDH, PTGS1, PTGS2, TBXAS1cytosolOne of 2 routes

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 4 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• a 3-acylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. an acylcholine + H2O = a carboxylate + choline + H(+)
  2. an acylcholine + H2O = a carboxylate + choline + H(+)
  3. a 3-acylpyruvate + H2O = a carboxylate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by BCHE, FAHD1

• succinyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. aldehyde dehydrogenase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)
  3. (R)-methylmalonyl-CoA = succinyl-CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, ALDH6A1, MMUTcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (2E)-butenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. butanoyl-CoA:electron-transfer flavoprotein 2,3-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by CHAT, ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• 3-methyl-(2E)-glutaconyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine-N-acyltransferase (3-methylcrotonoylglycine)
  3. 3-Methylcrotonoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, MCCC1, MCCC2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 3-oxohexadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. tetradecanoyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H(+) = 3-oxohexadecanoyl-CoA + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 morecytosol

• (2E)-glutaconyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Production of Glutaryl Carnitine
  3. glutaryl-CoA + O2 = (2E)-glutaconyl-CoA + H2O2

  Catalysed by CHAT, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B and 1 morecytosol

• acryloyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (propanoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by CHAT, ACSS3, ACSS2, ACSS1 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (dihomo-gamma-linolenate)
  3. (8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + O2 + 2 H(+) = (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosol

• hexadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. (2E)-hexadecenoyl-CoA + NADPH + H(+) = hexadecanoyl-CoA + NADP(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B and 1 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. octadecanoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + O2 + 2 H(+) = (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosol

• propanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA + H(+) = propanoyl-CoA + CO2

  Catalysed by CHAT, ECHDC1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• prostaglandin E1Reach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of prostaglandin E1 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• prostaglandin I2Reach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of prostaglandin I2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• prostaglandin F2alphaReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of prostaglandin F2alpha (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• prostaglandin D2Reach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of prostaglandin D2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 7 routes

• 15-oxo-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. choline + A = betaine aldehyde + AH2
  2. (15S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoate + AH2 = (15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoate + A + H2O
  3. (15S)-15-Hydroxy-5,8,11-cis-13-trans-icosatetraenoate:NADP+ 15-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by CHDH, TBXAS1, PTGS2, PTGIScytosolOne of 3 routes

• D-alanineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC7A10cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• sarcosineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. sarcosine + O2 + H2O = formaldehyde + glycine + H2O2

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  3. S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine + putrescine = S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + spermidine + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SAT1, SAT2, SRMcytosol

• thromboxane A2Reach from here →
  1. choline + A = betaine aldehyde + AH2
  2. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + AH2 + 2 O2 = prostaglandin H2 + A + H2O
  3. thromboxane A synthase (prostaglandin H2)

  Catalysed by CHDH, PTGS1, PTGS2, TBXAS1endoplasmic reticulumOne of 2 routes

• 7,8-dihydrofolateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)
  3. uridine(34) in tRNA + 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + taurine + GTP + A + H2O = 5-taurinomethyluridine(34) in tRNA + 7,8-dihydrofolate + GDP + AH2 + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, BAAT, MTO1cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-serine

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• leukotriene A4Reach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of leukotriene A4 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• 2-(N(omega)-L-arginino)succinateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of arginine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2-(Nomega-L-arginino)succinate arginine-lyase (fumarate-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, ASLextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (R)-S-lactoylglutathioneReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, GLO1 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• propane-1,3-diamineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  3. [eIF5A protein]-L-lysine + spermidine = [eIF5A protein]-deoxyhypusine + propane-1,3-diamine

  Catalysed by CHAT, SAT1, SAT2, DHPScytosol

• carnosineReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. beta-alanine + L-histidine + ATP = carnosine + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A6, SLC6A14, CARNS1extracellular space, cytosol

• 4-guanidinobutanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of arginine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, GATMextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-dopaReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Phenylalanine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-dopa(out) + L-phenylalanine(in) = L-dopa(in) + L-phenylalanine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, SLC7A8extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  3. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetate

  Catalysed by CHAT, BCHE, ACHE, AMDHD2cytosol

• 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase (palmitoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 9 morecytosol

• a 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. dihydroxyacetone phosphate + an acyl-CoA = a 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphate + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 2 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• O-acetyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Acetyl-CoA:carnitine O-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by CHAT, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1BcytosolOne of 9 routes

• 3-guanidinopropanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of arginine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. beta-alanine + L-arginine = 3-guanidinopropanoate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, GATMextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-histidineReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Phenylalanine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-histidine(in) + L-phenylalanine(out) = L-histidine(out) + L-phenylalanine(in)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, SLC7A8extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 5 routes

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 2 morecytosol, Golgi apparatusOne of 3 routes

• an N-acylglycineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. an acyl-CoA + glycine = an N-acylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 4 morecytosol, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. L-Cysteine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by CHAT, NAGS, GOT2, GOT1cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• S-formylglutathioneReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. alcohol dehydrogenase (formaldehyde)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, ADH1C and 5 morecytosol, extracellular space