acetate

Three steps

• octadecanoateReach from here →
  1. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  2. 1-octadecanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine = 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + 1-octadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
  3. 1-octadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O = octadecanoate + sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine + H(+)

  Catalysed by ASAH1, PLA2G15, LYPLA2, ASPGOne of 2 routes

• potassium atomReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A1, SLC26A4 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• androst-5-en-3beta,17beta-diolReach from here →
  1. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone)
  2. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone)
  3. 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one + NADPH + H(+) = androst-5-en-3beta,17beta-diol + NADP(+)

  Catalysed by CYP17A1, AKR1B15, HSD17B3endoplasmic reticulum, cytosol

• 19-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dioneReach from here →
  1. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)
  2. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)
  3. 19-hydroxyandrostenedione,NADPH-hemoprotein reductase:oxygen 19-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by CYP17A1, CYP19A1endoplasmic reticulum, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 16alpha-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dioneReach from here →
  1. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)
  2. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)
  3. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 16alpha-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + H(+)

  Catalysed by CYP17A1endoplasmic reticulum, cytosol

• selenomethionineReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and acetate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 2-hydroxybutyrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. Selenomethionine methanethiol-lyase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:27760Reach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and acetate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 2-hydroxybutyrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. Selenocystathionine Lysteine-lyase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 3beta,16alpha-dihydroxy-androst-5-en-17-oneReach from here →
  1. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone)
  2. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone)
  3. 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 3beta,16alpha-dihydroxy-androst-5-en-17-one + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + H(+)

  Catalysed by CYP17A1, CYP3A7endoplasmic reticulum, cytosol

• hydroxyacetoneReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and acetoacetate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Acetoacetate carboxy-lyase (acetone-forming)
  3. cytochrome P450 (acetone)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A6, SLC16A7 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 11beta-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dioneReach from here →
  1. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)
  2. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)
  3. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione + 2 reduced [adrenodoxin] + O2 + 2 H(+) = 11beta-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione + 2 oxidized [adrenodoxin] + H2O

  Catalysed by CYP17A1, CYP11B1endoplasmic reticulum, cytosol

• 3-mercaptolactic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + [thioredoxin]-dithiol = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + pyruvate + H(+)
  3. 3-Mercaptolactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 6 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine
  3. 2-oxopentanoate + N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-2-aminopentanoate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• pyridoxine 5'-phosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• a fatty acidReach from here →
  1. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  2. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = 1-O-acyl-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
  3. a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O = sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine + a fatty acid + H(+)

  Catalysed by ASAH1, PLA2G15, PLA2G6, PLA2G4B and 8 moreOne of 4 routes

• a dicarboxylateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. urate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = urate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• N-glycoloylneuraminateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. CMP-N-acetylneuraminate monooxygenase (N-acetylneuraminate)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• a carboxylateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. a 3-acylpyruvate + H2O = a carboxylate + pyruvate + H(+)
  3. a 3-acylpyruvate + H2O = a carboxylate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• a thiolReach from here →
  1. an N-acetyl-L-cysteine-S-conjugate + H2O = an S-substituted L-cysteine + acetate
  2. an N-acetyl-L-cysteine-S-conjugate + H2O = an S-substituted L-cysteine + acetate
  3. an S-substituted L-cysteine + H2O = a thiol + pyruvate + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by ACY3, KYAT1, KYAT3

• phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  2. 1,2-di-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine = 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
  3. 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O = 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycerol + phosphocholine + H(+)

  Catalysed by ASAH1, PLA2G15, ENPP6, ABHD12One of 3 routes

• hydrogen sulfideReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + [thioredoxin]-dithiol = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + pyruvate + H(+)
  3. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + [thioredoxin]-dithiol = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes

• citric acidReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 9 routes

• malonic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Malonate Transport, Antiport with Chloride

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A1, SLC26A4extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (9Z)-octadecenoateReach from here →
  1. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  2. 1,2-di-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine = 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
  3. 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O = sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine + (9Z)-octadecenoate + H(+)

  Catalysed by ASAH1, PLA2G15, PNPLA7, ASPG and 1 more

• isocitric acidReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. transport of isocitrate and PEP (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• a 1-O-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  2. 1-hexadecanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine = 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
  3. a 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = 1-hexadecanoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + a 1-O-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine

  Catalysed by ASAH1, PLA2G15, LCAT

• glutarateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acidReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. D-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  2. 1-hexadecanoyl-2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine = 1-hexadecanoyl-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + 2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
  3. 2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O = sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine + (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + H(+)

  Catalysed by ASAH1, PLA2G15, PLA2G6, ASPG

• nicotinateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. nicotinate(in) + urate(out) = nicotinate(out) + urate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• L-lysineReach from here →
  1. N2-Acetyl-L-ornithine amidohydrolase
  2. N2-Acetyl-L-ornithine amidohydrolase
  3. L-ornithine(out) + L-lysine(in) = L-ornithine(in) + L-lysine(out)

  Catalysed by ACY1, SLC25A2, SLC25A15cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• D-lysineReach from here →
  1. N2-Acetyl-L-ornithine amidohydrolase
  2. N2-Acetyl-L-ornithine amidohydrolase
  3. D-lysine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-lysine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by ACY1, SLC25A2cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• D-arginineReach from here →
  1. N2-Acetyl-L-ornithine amidohydrolase
  2. N2-Acetyl-L-ornithine amidohydrolase
  3. D-arginine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-arginine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by ACY1, SLC25A2cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• cis-aconitic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. transport of cis-aconitate and PEP (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• thiosulfateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. transport of malate and thiosulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. L-Methionine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 2-oxohexanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine
  3. 2-oxohexanoate + N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine = L-2-aminohexanoate + 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• D-cysteineReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. D-cysteine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-cysteine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• all-trans-retinoateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. retinoate reduction
  3. all-trans-retinal + NAD(+) + H2O = all-trans-retinoate + NADH + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, ALDH1A2 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-alpha-aminobutyric acidReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and acetate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 2-hydroxybutyrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. glutamic-pyruvic transaminase ((S)-2-aminobutanoate)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• (R)-mevalonateReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and acetoacetate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA
  3. (R)-mevalonate + 2 NADP(+) + CoA = (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A6, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• glyoxylateReach from here →
  1. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and acetate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 2-hydroxybutyrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + glyoxylate = 2-oxobutanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, SLC16A1 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 8 routes

• sphingosine 1-phosphateReach from here →
  1. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  2. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  3. ATP:sphingosine 1-phosphotransferase

  Catalysed by ASAH1, DBP, SPHK2, SPHK1cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 13-cis-retinolReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. retinal dehydrogenase (13-cis-retinal)
  3. retinol dehydrogenase (13-cis-retinal)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7, ALDH1A2 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 3 routes

• spermineReach from here →
  1. N(8)-acetylspermidine + H2O = spermidine + acetate
  2. N8-acetylspermidine to spermidine conversion
  3. S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine + spermidine = spermine + S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + H(+)

  Catalysed by HDAC10, SMScytosolOne of 2 routes

• gamma-Glu-AlaReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 8 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• taurineReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Neurotransmitter:Sodium Symporter (Nss) Tcdb:2.A.22.3.3

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A1, SLC26A4 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• an N-acylsphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  2. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  3. sphing-4-enine + a fatty acyl-CoA = an N-acylsphing-4-enine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by ASAH1, CERS1, CERS6, CERS3 and 3 more

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serineReach from here →
  1. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate
  2. a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine + N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine = 1-O-acyl-N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine
  3. a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine + CoA

  Catalysed by ASAH1, PLA2G15, LPCAT4, LPCAT3 and 1 more

• succinyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of acetate and acetoacetate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA
  3. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate + succinyl-CoA = (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + succinate

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A6, SLC16A7 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol