4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate

Three steps

• (7Z)-tetradecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. Acetylation of Leucine
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((7Z)-tetradecenoic acid)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 8 routes

• (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. Acetylation of Leucine
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C18:4->C16:4), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by AADAT, HADHA, ACADVL, HADHBmitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (7Z,10Z)-hexadecadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. Acetylation of Leucine
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation Trans (C18:2->C16:2), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by AADAT, HADHA, ACADVL, HADHBmitochondrial matrix

• (4Z,7Z)-decadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. Acetylation of Leucine
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C12:3->C10:2), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by AADAT, ECHS1, ACAA2, HADHmitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (5Z)-octenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. Acetylation of Leucine
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C10:2->C8:1), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by AADAT, ECHS1, ACAA2, HADHmitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:240943Reach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of glycine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• a quinolReach from here →
  1. L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
  2. glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (S)-malate + CoA + H(+)
  3. (S)-malate + a quinone = enol-oxaloacetate + a quinol

  Catalysed by AADAT, CLYBL, SDHB, SDHA

• hypochlorous acidReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of chloride and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Peroxidase

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC6A14, LPOextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• potassium atomReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of chloride and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC6A14, SLC12A2, SLC12A1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• phenylacetylglycineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of glycine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. phenylacetyl-CoA:glycine N-phenylacetyltransferase

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, GLYATextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:27540Reach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. Acetylation of Leucine
  3. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (hexanoic acid)

  Catalysed by AADAT, ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A and 3 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 6 routes

• selenomethionineReach from here →
  1. L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
  2. (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + glyoxylate = 2-oxobutanoate + glycine
  3. Selenomethionine methanethiol-lyase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by AADAT, AGXT2, CTHcytosol

• CHEBI:27760Reach from here →
  1. L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
  2. (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + glyoxylate = 2-oxobutanoate + glycine
  3. Selenocystathionine Lysteine-lyase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by AADAT, AGXT2, CTHcytosol

• elaidic acidReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. Acetylation of Leucine
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (elaidate)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• 5-hydroxytryptophanReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of leucine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Tryptophan, Tetrahydrobiopterin:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (5-Hydroxylating)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, TPH1, TPH2extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (2-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acidReach from here →
  1. L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
  2. glyoxylate + L-phenylalanine = 3-phenylpyruvate + glycine
  3. Phenylpyruvate:oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating,decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by AADAT, HPDcytosol

• 2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + glyoxylate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
  3. 2-oxopentanoate + N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-2-aminopentanoate

  Catalysed by AADAT, AGXT2

• CHEBI:28666Reach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of glycine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. LTD4 hydrolysis

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5extracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:28701Reach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. Acetylation of Leucine
  3. Propanoyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by AADAT, ACAA1, SCP2, MYO5Bmitochondrial matrix, peroxisomeOne of 7 routes

• pyridoxine 5'-phosphateReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of alanine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, SCLYextracellular space, cytosol

• 3-disulfanyl-L-alanineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Leucine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A9, SLC3A1, CTHextracellular space, cytosol

• N-acetyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of cysteine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A9, SLC3A1, NAGSextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• L-ascorbic acidReach from here →
  1. L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
  2. N-octanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = octanamide + glyoxylate
  3. N-octanoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-octanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O

  Catalysed by AADAT, PAMOne of 6 routes

• K(+)Reach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of cysteine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. K(+)(in) + L-cysteine(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-cysteine(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A9, SLC3A1, SLC1A1extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• Cys-tRNA(Cys)Reach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of cysteine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Cysteine:tRNA(Cys) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A9, SLC3A1, CARS1extracellular space, cytosol

• Phe-tRNA(Phe)Reach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of leucine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Phenylalanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, FARSB, FARSAextracellular space, cytosol

• Gly-tRNA(Gly)Reach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of glycine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glycine:tRNA(Gly) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, GARS1extracellular space, cytosol

• Asp-tRNA(Asp)Reach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. L-leucine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-leucine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  3. L-Aspartate:tRNA(Asp) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A13, DARS1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• Trp-tRNA(Trp)Reach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of leucine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Tryptophan -tRNA(Trp) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, WARS1extracellular space, cytosol

• Ile-tRNA(Ile)Reach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of isoleucine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Isoleucine:tRNA(Ile) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, IARS1extracellular space, cytosol

• Gln-tRNA(Gln)Reach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of glutamine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Glutamine:tRNA(Gln) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, QARS1extracellular space, cytosol

• isocyanateReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of citrulline and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-citrulline + H(+) = isocyanate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by AADAT, LACC1extracellular space, cytosol

• Asn-tRNA(Asn)Reach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of asparagine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Asparagine:tRNA(Asn) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, NARS1extracellular space, cytosol

• glycocholateReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of glycine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, BAATextracellular space, cytosol, peroxisomeOne of 5 routes

• hydrogen sulfideReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of cysteine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A9, SLC3A1, CTHextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• acetateReach from here →
  1. L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
  2. glyoxylate + L-alanine = glycine + pyruvate
  3. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AADAT, AGXT, AGXT2, SLC16A4 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:30249Reach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of leucine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, IDO1, TDO2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• formic acidReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of chloride and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC6A14, SLC26A4extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• anthranilic acidReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. Transport of L-Kynurenine
  3. L-Kynurenine hydrolase

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC43A1, KYNUextracellular space, cytosol

• propionic acidReach from here →
  1. L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
  2. glyoxylate + L-alanine = glycine + pyruvate
  3. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AADAT, AGXT, AGXT2, SLC16A4 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• citric acidReach from here →
  1. L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
  2. glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (S)-malate + CoA + H(+)
  3. Citrate Transport, Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by AADAT, CLYBL, SLC25A1mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• butyric acidReach from here →
  1. L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
  2. glyoxylate + L-alanine = glycine + pyruvate
  3. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AADAT, AGXT, AGXT2, SLC16A4 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• malonic acidReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of chloride and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Malonate Transport, Antiport with Chloride

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (9Z)-octadecenoateReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-L-leucine + H2O = L-leucine + (9Z)-octadecenoate
  3. N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-L-leucine + H2O = L-leucine + (9Z)-octadecenoate

  Catalysed by AADAT, PM20D1

• adipic acidReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. hexanedioate + glutaryl-CoA = hexanedioyl-CoA + glutarate

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC22A6, SUGCTinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 3-hydroxypyruvic acidReach from here →
  1. L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
  2. glyoxylate + L-alanine = glycine + pyruvate
  3. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by AADAT, AGXT, AGXT2cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (indol-3-yl)acetateReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  3. (indol-3-yl)acetate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = (indol-3-yl)acetate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC22A8, SLC22A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• isocitric acidReach from here →
  1. L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
  2. glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (S)-malate + CoA + H(+)
  3. Mitochondrial Carrier (Mc) Tcdb:2.A.29.7.2

  Catalysed by AADAT, CLYBL, SLC25A1mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• D-lysineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of leucine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-lysine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-lysine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A6, SLC25A2extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• putrescineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of arginine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC3A2, SLC7A6, SLC7A7extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes