urate

Three steps

• 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine sulfateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = urate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  2. a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. Steryl-Sulfatase

  Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC25A35, SLC25A34, STSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• glycine betaineReach from here →
  1. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
  2. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
  3. glycine betaine(out) + (R)-carnitine(in) = glycine betaine(in) + (R)-carnitine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC22A5inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 4-methylumbelliferyl acetateReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of acetate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate + H2O = 4-methylumbelliferone + acetate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 6 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophanReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = urate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  2. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  3. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tryptophan + O2 = 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin

  Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A8, TPH1, TPH2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• prostaglandin F1Reach from here →
  1. urate(out) + (S)-lactate(in) = urate(in) + (S)-lactate(out)
  2. prostaglandin E1(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin E1(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)
  3. prostaglandin E1 + NADPH + H(+) = prostaglandin F1 + NADP(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC22A13, SLCO2A1, DHRS1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 17beta-estradiol 17-O-(3-sulfo-beta-D-glucuronate)Reach from here →
  1. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
  2. 17beta-estradiol 17-O-(beta-D-glucuronate)(out) + glutarate(in) = 17beta-estradiol 17-O-(beta-D-glucuronate)(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. 17beta-estradiol 17-O-(beta-D-glucuronate) + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = 17beta-estradiol 17-O-(3-sulfo-beta-D-glucuronate) + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC22A24, CHST10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• all-trans-retinalReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of L-lactate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. retinoate reduction

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• butanoateReach from here →
  1. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
  2. estrone 3-sulfate(out) + glutarate(in) = estrone 3-sulfate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. butanoate(out) + estrone 3-sulfate(in) = butanoate(in) + estrone 3-sulfate(out)

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC22A24, SLC22A11, SLC22A9inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• fumaric acidReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. transport of fumarate and sulfite (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, TSTD1, SLC25A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 4-fumarylacetoacetateReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of acetoacetate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 4-fumarylacetoacetate + H2O = acetoacetate + fumarate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• dTDPReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, LDHB, LDHAL6B, PKM and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (R)-3,4-dihydroxymandelaldehydeReach from here →
  1. ascorbate to monodehydroascorbate conversion
  2. dopamine,ascorbate:oxygen oxidoreductase (beta-hydroxylating)
  3. (R)-noradrenaline + O2 + H2O = (R)-3,4-dihydroxymandelaldehyde + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by DBH, MAOA, MAOBcytosol

• O-octanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
  2. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
  3. octanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-octanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, CPT2, CRAT, CROTinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

• hydrogen cyanideReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. thiosulfate:cyanide sulfurtranserase

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, TSTD1, MPST, TSTinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (R)-normetanephrineReach from here →
  1. ascorbate to monodehydroascorbate conversion
  2. dopamine,ascorbate:oxygen oxidoreductase (beta-hydroxylating)
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:catechol O-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by DBH, COMT, LRTOMTcytosol

• glycodeoxycholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. glycodeoxycholate(in) + glutathione(in) + ATP + H2O = glycodeoxycholate(out) + glutathione(out) + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. glycodeoxycholate + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = glycodeoxycholate 3-sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, ABCC4, SULT2A1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, LDHB, LDHAL6B, AGXT2extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 5-(3,3'-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. N(omega),N('omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3'-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, LDHB, LDHAL6B, AGXT2extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 5-(3-methylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3-methylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, LDHB, LDHAL6B, AGXT2extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• O-butanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
  2. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
  3. butanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-butanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, CRATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• (R)-noradrenaline 4'-O-sulfateReach from here →
  1. ascorbate to monodehydroascorbate conversion
  2. dopamine,ascorbate:oxygen oxidoreductase (beta-hydroxylating)
  3. sulfotransferase (noradrenaline)

  Catalysed by DBH, SULT1A3cytosolOne of 2 routes

• tauroursodeoxycholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. tauroursodeoxycholate(in) + glutathione(in) + ATP + H2O = tauroursodeoxycholate(out) + glutathione(out) + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. tauroursodeoxycholate + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = tauroursodeoxycholate 3-sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, ABCC4, SULT2A1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• glycoursodeoxycholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. glycoursodeoxycholate(in) + glutathione(in) + ATP + H2O = glycoursodeoxycholate(out) + glutathione(out) + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. glycoursodeoxycholate + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = glycoursodeoxycholate 3-sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, ABCC4, SULT2A1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• glycochenodeoxycholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. glycochenodeoxycholate(in) + glutathione(in) + ATP + H2O = glycochenodeoxycholate(out) + glutathione(out) + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. glycochenodeoxycholate + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = glycochenodeoxycholate 3-sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, ABCC4, SULT2A1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• NAADPHReach from here →
  1. nicotinate(in) + urate(out) = nicotinate(out) + urate(in)
  2. nicotinate + NADP(+) = NAADP(+) + nicotinamide
  3. NAADPH + O2 + H(+) = NAADP(+) + H2O2

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC22A13, CD38, DUOX2 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

• deoxycholateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. glycodeoxycholate(in) + glutathione(in) + ATP + H2O = glycodeoxycholate(out) + glutathione(out) + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. Glycodeoxycholate amidohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, ABCC4inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• dimethylarsinous acidReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. arsenic triglutathione + 3 [thioredoxin]-dithiol + 3 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = trimethylarsine + 3 [thioredoxin]-disulfide + 3 glutathione + 3 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3 H(+)
  3. arsenic triglutathione + 2 [thioredoxin]-dithiol + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + H2O = dimethylarsinous acid + 2 [thioredoxin]-disulfide + 3 glutathione + 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, AS3MTinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• trimethylarsineReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. arsenic triglutathione + 3 [thioredoxin]-dithiol + 3 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = trimethylarsine + 3 [thioredoxin]-disulfide + 3 glutathione + 3 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3 H(+)
  3. arsenic triglutathione + 3 [thioredoxin]-dithiol + 3 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = trimethylarsine + 3 [thioredoxin]-disulfide + 3 glutathione + 3 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, AS3MTinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• folic acidReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = urate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  2. a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. Folate Transport by Oats

  Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC25A35, SLC25A34, SLC22A8 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:28666Reach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. leukotriene C4 = leukotriene A4 + glutathione
  3. gamma-glutamyltransferase (leukotriene C4)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, MGST3, GSTM4, LTC4S and 7 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-oneReach from here →
  1. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
  2. dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate(out) + glutarate(in) = dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. 3beta-Hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one 3-sulfate sulfohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, SLC22A24, STSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• O-decanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
  2. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
  3. decanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-decanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, CPT2, CRATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 17alpha-hydroxypregnenoloneReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of acetate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• CHEBI:28918Reach from here →
  1. ascorbate to monodehydroascorbate conversion
  2. dopamine,ascorbate:oxygen oxidoreductase (beta-hydroxylating)
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by DBH, PNMTcytosol

• 2'-deoxyinosineReach from here →
  1. xanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = urate + NADH + H(+)
  2. hypoxanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = xanthine + NADH + H(+)
  3. Deoxyinosine:orthophosphate ribosyltransferase

  Catalysed by XDH, PNPcytosolOne of 2 routes

• Fe(3+)Reach from here →
  1. ascorbate to monodehydroascorbate conversion
  2. cytochrome b reductase (ascorbate)
  3. Fe(II):oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by CYBRD1, CP, FTH1, FXN and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• Cu(2+)Reach from here →
  1. ascorbate to monodehydroascorbate conversion
  2. 8-peroxy-(5Z,9E,11Z,14Z)... to 5,9-cyclo-6,8-cycloperoxy-12... conversion
  3. Cu(2+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = Cu(+)(out) + monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + H(+)

  Catalysed by CYBRD1cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• a carboxylateReach from here →
  1. nicotinate(in) + urate(out) = nicotinate(out) + urate(in)
  2. orotate(out) + nicotinate(in) = orotate(in) + nicotinate(out)
  3. orotate(out) + a carboxylate(in) = orotate(in) + a carboxylate(out)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC22A13inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• a thiolReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. L-cysteinyl-[sulfatase] + 2 a thiol + O2 = an organic disulfide + 3-oxo-L-alanyl-[sulfatase] + hydrogen sulfide + H2O + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, TSTD1, SUMF1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• chlorine(.)Reach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of formate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• quinolinateReach from here →
  1. nicotinate(in) + urate(out) = nicotinate(out) + urate(in)
  2. 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + nicotinate + ATP + H2O = nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide + ADP + phosphate + diphosphate
  3. nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide + CO2 + diphosphate = quinolinate + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC22A13, NAPRT, QPRTinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• D-aspartateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = urate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  2. a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. D-aspartate(in) + sulfate(out) = D-aspartate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC25A35, SLC25A34, SLC25A14 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = urate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  2. a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. L-aspartate(in) + sulfate(out) = L-aspartate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC25A35, SLC25A34, SLC25A14 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• oxalateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = urate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  2. a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. oxalate(in) + sulfate(out) = oxalate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC25A35, SLC25A34, SLC25A14 and 4 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• maleateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = urate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  2. a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. maleate(in) + sulfate(out) = maleate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC25A35, SLC25A34, SLC25A14 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• malonic acidReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. transport of malonate and sulfite (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, TSTD1, SLC25A10inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• allantoic acidReach from here →
  1. urate:oxygen oxidoreductase
  2. 5-hydroxyisourate decarboxylation
  3. (S)-allantoin amidohydrolase

  No catalyst recordedcytosol

• 3-hydroxypyruvic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, LDHB, LDHAL6B, AGXTextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (S)-dihydroorotateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. a quinone + hydrogen sulfide + glutathione + H(+) = S-sulfanylglutathione + a quinol
  3. (S)-dihydroorotate + a quinone = orotate + a quinol

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, SQOR, DHODHinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (2R,3R)-tartrateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = urate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  2. a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. (2R,3R)-tartrate(in) + sulfate(out) = (2R,3R)-tartrate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC25A35, SLC25A34, SLC25A14 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes