choline

Three steps

• 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (DHA)
  3. (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl-CoA + 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphate = 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosol

• a phenyl acetateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  3. a phenyl acetate + H2O = a phenol + acetate + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, BCHE, ACHE, PON1 and 2 morecytosol

• an aryl sulfateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. an aryl sulfate + H2O = a phenol + sulfate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC26A6, ARSL, ARSF and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• N-hexadecanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. hexadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• N-dodecanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)
  3. dodecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-dodecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-decanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)
  3. decanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-decanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A and 4 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-octanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
  3. octanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-octanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, CROT, GLYATL2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• L-homoarginineReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of arginine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-homoarginine(in) + L-arginine(out) = L-homoarginine(out) + L-arginine(in)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, SLC25A29extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-homocarnosineReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Formation of homocarnosine

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, CARNS1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamideReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. 5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamine + glycine + ATP = N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• L-cystine-bis-glycineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• an N-octadecanoyl-sphingoid baseReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. a sphingoid base + octadecanoyl-CoA = an N-octadecanoyl-sphingoid base + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 morecytosol

• glycyldehydrophenylalanineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. glycyldehydrophenylalanine + H2O = 2,3-didehydrophenylalanine + glycine

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 2-formamido-N(1)-(5-O-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)acetamidineReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + L-glutamine + ATP + H2O = 2-formamido-N(1)-(5-O-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)acetamidine + L-glutamate + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, PFASextracellular space, cytosol

• kinetensinReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Phenylalanine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. Chymase

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, CMA1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• an N-(fatty acyl)-glycineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. a fatty acyl-CoA + glycine = an N-(fatty acyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 1-(10Z-heptadecenoyl)-2-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)
  3. 1-(10Z-heptadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA = 1-(10Z-heptadecenoyl)-2-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosol

• N-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-glycineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• cholesteryl (7Z)-octadecenoateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase ((7Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA)
  3. (7Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + cholesterol = cholesteryl (7Z)-octadecenoate + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B and 1 morecytosol

• acetaldehydeReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Threonine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-threonine acetaldehyde-lyase (glycine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosol

• acetylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  3. acetylpyruvate + H2O = acetate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, BCHE, ACHE, FAHD1cytosol

• pyruvateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  3. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, BCHE, ACHE, SLC16A4 and 4 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 24 routes

• all-trans-retinoic acidReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  3. transport of acetate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, BCHE, ACHE, SLC16A4 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterinReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Phenylalanine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-phenylalanine,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase(4-hydroxylating)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, PAHextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:15467Reach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetoacetate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by CHAT, AACS, HMGCS1cytosolOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:15570Reach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. transport of D-alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• (S)-malateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. ATP citrate lyase (citrate)
  3. transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by CHAT, ACLYcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 9 routes

• CHEBI:15611Reach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:glycine N-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 15(S)-HPETEReach from here →
  1. choline + A = betaine aldehyde + AH2
  2. (15S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoate + AH2 = (15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoate + A + H2O
  3. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by CHDH, TBXAS1, PTGS2, PTGIS and 9 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• 10-formyltetrahydrofolic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Formate:tetrahydrofolate ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC26A4, MTHFD1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterinReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Phenylalanine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-phenylalanine + O2 = (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tyrosine

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, PAHextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:15699Reach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. transport of glycine and homoserine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 52 routes

• trimethylenediamineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  3. deoxyhypusine synthase (1,3-diaminopropane)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SAT1, SAT2, DHPScytosolOne of 3 routes

• hexadecanoic acidReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by CHAT, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bcytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 4 routes

• CHEBI:15765Reach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Tyrosine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-Tyrosine,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, THextracellular space, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• malonateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. malonate(in) + sulfate(out) = malonate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. Acyl-CoA:glycerone-phosphate O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by CHAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 2 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• bromideReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. transport of acetylcholine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2-bromoacetaldehyde:glutathione S-(formylmethyl)transferase

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, MGST3 and 16 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-glutamine:D-fructose-6-phosphate isomerase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, GFPT2, GFPT1extracellular space, cytosol

• phosphatidylethanolamineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. Acyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by CHAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 6 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• 11-cis-retinalReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. 11-cis-retinol:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by CHAT, DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1 and 9 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+)Reach from here →
  1. ATP:choline phosphotransferase
  2. CTP:choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase
  3. diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (1,2-diacylglycerol-LD-PC pool)

  Catalysed by CHKA, CHKB, PCYT1A, PCYT1B and 2 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• hexadecan-1-olReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. formate dehydrogenase (palmitoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 morecytosol, peroxisome

• selenophosphateReach from here →
  1. choline + A = betaine aldehyde + AH2
  2. L-selenocysteine + AH2 = hydrogenselenide + L-alanine + A + H(+)
  3. hydrogenselenide + ATP + H2O = selenophosphate + AMP + phosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by CHDH, SCLY, SEPHS1, SEPHS2

• ureaReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of arginine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Arginine amidinohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, ARG1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• 11-cis-retinyl hexadecanoateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 10 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• succinic semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 4-aminobutanoate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A12, ABATextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• L-cystineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC7A9, SLC3A1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 7 routes

• nitriteReach from here →
  1. choline + A = betaine aldehyde + AH2
  2. 2 nitrite + AH2 + 2 H(+) = 2 nitric oxide + A + 2 H2O
  3. 4 nitric oxide + O2 + 2 H2O = 4 nitrite + 4 H(+)

  Catalysed by CHDH, SUOX, CP

• (R)-3-aminoisobutyric acidReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by CHAT, AGXT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix