L-kynurenine

Two steps

• Phe-tRNA(Phe)Reach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Kynurenine
  2. L-Phenylalanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A8, FARSB, FARSAextracellular space, cytosol

• Gly-tRNA(Gly)Reach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. glycine:tRNA(Gly) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GARS1cytosol

• Trp-tRNA(Trp)Reach from here →
  1. indole-3-pyruvate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-tryptophan + H2O
  2. L-Tryptophan -tRNA(Trp) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by AADAT, WARS1cytosol

• chlorine(.)Reach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC6A14cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 15 routes

• glycocholateReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, BAATperoxisomeOne of 3 routes

• hydrogen sulfideReach from here →
  1. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-cysteine + H2O
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating

  Catalysed by AADAT, CTHcytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2cytosolOne of 9 routes

• CHEBI:30249Reach from here →
  1. indole-3-pyruvate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-tryptophan + H2O
  2. L-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)

  Catalysed by AADAT, IDO1, TDO2, IDO2cytosol

• glutarateReach from here →
  1. Kynurenine-Oxoglutarate Transaminase
  2. kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, SLC22A6mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-lysineReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Kynurenine
  2. L-lysine(in) + L-leucine(out) + Na(+)(out) = L-lysine(out) + L-leucine(in) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by SLC43A1, SLC7A7extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-methionine + H2O
  2. L-Methionine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by AADAT, IL4I1cytosol

• di-mu-sulfido-diiron(2+)Reach from here →
  1. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-cysteine + H2O
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S

  Catalysed by AADAT, NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN and 4 moremitochondrial matrix

• 2-oxohexanoateReach from here →
  1. 2-oxohexanoate + L-kynurenine = L-2-aminohexanoate + kynurenate + H2O
  2. 2-oxohexanoate + N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine = L-2-aminohexanoate + 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate

  Catalysed by AADAT, AGXT2

• a 2-oxocarboxylateReach from here →
  1. an L-alpha-amino acid(in) + L-kynurenine(out) = an L-alpha-amino acid(out) + L-kynurenine(in)
  2. an L-alpha-amino acid + O2 + H2O = a 2-oxocarboxylate + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A11, IL4I1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• D-cysteineReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. D-cysteine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-cysteine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A10cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• D-serineReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A10cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 6 routes

• 5-aminolevulinateReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. succinyl-CoA + glycine + H(+) = 5-aminolevulinate + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, ALAS1, ALAS2

• glycochenodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA + glycine = glycochenodeoxycholate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, BAAT

• glycochenodeoxycholic acidReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, BAATperoxisomeOne of 3 routes

• 3-hydroxyanthranilateReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + NADPH + O2 + H(+) = 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + NADP(+) + H2O
  2. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by KMO, KYNU

• glyoxylateReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADATOne of 11 routes

• glycolithocholic acidReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (glycine)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, BAATcytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-2-amino-3-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. Acetyl-CoA:glycine C-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GCATmitochondrial matrix

• L-ornithineReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A6cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 20 routes

• gamma-Glu-AlaReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)

  Catalysed by KYNU, GGT1, GGT5, GGTLC2 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• S(8)-aminomethyldihydrolipoamideReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase ([protein]-N6-(lipoyl)lysine)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GLDC, GCSHmitochondrial matrix

• D-alanineReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A10cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• sarcosineReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. sarcosine + O2 + H2O = formaldehyde + glycine + H2O2

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, PIPOXOne of 2 routes

• (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolateReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-serine

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, SHMT1, SHMT2

• 2-oxoadipateReach from here →
  1. 2-oxoadipate + L-kynurenine = L-2-aminoadipate + kynurenate + H2O
  2. L-2-aminoadipate + 2-oxoglutarate = 2-oxoadipate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by AADATOne of 2 routes

• L-dopaReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Kynurenine
  2. L-dopa(out) + L-phenylalanine(in) = L-dopa(in) + L-phenylalanine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC7A8extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-histidineReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Kynurenine
  2. L-histidine(in) + L-phenylalanine(out) = L-histidine(out) + L-phenylalanine(in)

  Catalysed by SLC7A8extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• an N-acylglycineReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. an acyl-CoA + glycine = an N-acylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GLYATL3, GLYAT and 1 more

• 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoateReach from here →
  1. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-cysteine + H2O
  2. L-Cysteine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by AADAT, GOT2, GOT1cytosolOne of 3 routes

• guanidinoacetateReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GATMcytosolOne of 2 routes

• D-threonineReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. D-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A10cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• glutathioneReach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADAT, GSS

• L-threonineReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A10cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• beta-alanineReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. beta-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = beta-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A10cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• leukotriene C4Reach from here →
  1. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  2. leukotriene C4 hydrolysis

  Catalysed by KYAT3, AADATcytosol

• L-asparagineReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. transport of alanine and asparagine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A5cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 26 routes

• gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-cysteine + H2O
  2. L-glutamate:L-cysteine gamma-ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by AADAT, GCLC, GCLMcytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-homocysteineReach from here →
  1. 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-methionine + H2O
  2. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by AADAT, BHMT2

• S-methyl-L-methionineReach from here →
  1. 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-methionine + H2O
  2. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by AADAT, BHMT2

• L-tyrosineReach from here →
  1. Transport of L-Kynurenine
  2. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-phenylalanine + O2 = (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tyrosine

  Catalysed by SLC7A8, PAHextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginineReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2cytosolOne of 5 routes

• trans-4-hydroxy-L-prolineReach from here →
  1. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  2. trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC1A4cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• S-sulfanyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-cysteine + H2O
  2. 2 L-cysteine = S-sulfanyl-L-cysteine + L-alanine

  Catalysed by AADAT, CARS2

• L-methionine (S)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-methionine + H2O
  2. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by AADAT, MSRA

• L-methionine (R)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-methionine + H2O
  2. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (R)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by AADAT, MSRB3, MSRB1, MSRB2