urate

Three steps

• O-acetyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
  2. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
  3. (R)-carnitine + acetyl-CoA = O-acetyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, CRATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

• 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + [thioredoxin]-dithiol = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, LDHB, LDHAL6B, MPSTextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, LDHB, LDHAL6B, AGXT2extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• L-methionineReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, LDHB, LDHAL6B, TYW1B and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• N-sulfo-D-glucosamineReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = urate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  2. a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. N-sulfo-D-glucosamine + H2O = D-glucosamine + sulfate

  Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC25A35, SLC25A34, SGSHinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 6-phospho-D-glucono-1,5-lactoneReach from here →
  1. nicotinate(in) + urate(out) = nicotinate(out) + urate(in)
  2. nicotinate + NADP(+) = NAADP(+) + nicotinamide
  3. NAADP(+) + D-glucose 6-phosphate = NAADPH + 6-phospho-D-glucono-1,5-lactone + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC22A13, CD38, G6PDinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• L-alanineReach from here →
  1. ascorbate to monodehydroascorbate conversion
  2. cytochrome b reductase (ascorbate)
  3. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S

  Catalysed by CYBRD1, NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN and 4 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrixOne of 20 routes

• 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphateReach from here →
  1. nicotinate(in) + urate(out) = nicotinate(out) + urate(in)
  2. 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + nicotinate + ATP + H2O = nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide + ADP + phosphate + diphosphate
  3. nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide + CO2 + diphosphate = quinolinate + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC22A13, NAPRT, QPRTinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• IMPReach from here →
  1. xanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = urate + NADH + H(+)
  2. XMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase
  3. IMP + NAD(+) + H2O = XMP + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by XDH, HPRT1, IMPDH2, IMPDH1cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + (S)-lactate(in) = urate(in) + (S)-lactate(out)
  2. (S)-lactate + L-phenylalanine = N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanine + H2O
  3. (S)-lactate + L-phenylalanine = N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanine + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC22A13, CNDP2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• adenosine 5'-phosphosulfateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = urate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  2. a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. ATP:sulfate adenylyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC25A35, SLC25A34, PAPSS1 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• N-acetylputrescineReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of acetate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• taurolithocholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene + glutathione = 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione + chloride + H(+)
  3. transport of S-glutathionyl-2-4-dinitrobenzene (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, PTGES, LANCL1, GSTM4 and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-tyrosineReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = urate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  2. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  3. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-phenylalanine + O2 = (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tyrosine

  Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A8, PAHinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• trans-4-hydroxy-L-prolineReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. a quinone + hydrogen sulfide + glutathione + H(+) = S-sulfanylglutathione + a quinol
  3. trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline + a quinone = (3R,5S)-1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylate + a quinol + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, SQOR, PRODH2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• histamineReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene + glutathione = 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione + chloride + H(+)
  3. transport of histamine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, PTGES, LANCL1, GSTM4 and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• deamido-NAD(+)Reach from here →
  1. nicotinate(in) + urate(out) = nicotinate(out) + urate(in)
  2. 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + nicotinate + ATP + H2O = nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide + ADP + phosphate + diphosphate
  3. nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide + ATP + H(+) = deamido-NAD(+) + diphosphate

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC22A13, NAPRT, NMNAT3 and 2 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• L-thyroxineReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene + glutathione = 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione + chloride + H(+)
  3. transport of S-glutathionyl-2-4-dinitrobenzene (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, PTGES, LANCL1, GSTM4 and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• beta-D-ribosylnicotinateReach from here →
  1. nicotinate(in) + urate(out) = nicotinate(out) + urate(in)
  2. 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + nicotinate + ATP + H2O = nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide + ADP + phosphate + diphosphate
  3. beta-D-ribosylnicotinate + ATP = nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide + ADP + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC22A13, NAPRT, NMRK2 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• N(8)-acetylspermidineReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of acetate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N(8)-acetylspermidine + H2O = spermidine + acetate

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• (3S)-citramalyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. (3S)-citramalyl-CoA = pyruvate + acetyl-CoA

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, LDHB, LDHAL6B, CLYBLextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• an N-acetyl-L-cysteine-S-conjugateReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of acetate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. an N-acetyl-L-cysteine-S-conjugate + H2O = an S-substituted L-cysteine + acetate

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 5-amino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. L-ornithine + pyruvate = 5-amino-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, LDHB, LDHAL6B, AGXT2extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• dopamineReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene + glutathione = 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione + chloride + H(+)
  3. transport of dopamine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, PTGES, LANCL1, GSTM4 and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• glycolithocholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene + glutathione = 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione + chloride + H(+)
  3. transport of S-glutathionyl-2-4-dinitrobenzene (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, PTGES, LANCL1, GSTM4 and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-prolineReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. a quinone + hydrogen sulfide + glutathione + H(+) = S-sulfanylglutathione + a quinol
  3. L-proline + a quinone = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + a quinol + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, SQOR, PRODH, PRODH2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• heme bReach from here →
  1. ascorbate to monodehydroascorbate conversion
  2. cytochrome b reductase (ascorbate)
  3. Ferrochelatase, Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by CYBRD1, FECHcytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarateReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, LDHB, LDHAL6B, HOGA1extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = urate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  2. a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. Transport of 5-Hydroxyindoleacetate

  Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC25A35, SLC25A34, SLC4A1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• leukotriene D4Reach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. leukotriene C4 = leukotriene A4 + glutathione
  3. leukotriene C4 + H2O = leukotriene D4 + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, MGST3, GSTM4, LTC4S and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 3-demethylubiquinol-10Reach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. ubiquinone-10 + hydrogen sulfide + glutathione + H(+) = S-sulfanylglutathione + ubiquinol-10
  3. 3-demethylubiquinol-10 + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = ubiquinol-10 + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, SQOR, COQ3inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• (R)-adrenalineReach from here →
  1. ascorbate to monodehydroascorbate conversion
  2. dopamine,ascorbate:oxygen oxidoreductase (beta-hydroxylating)
  3. (R)-noradrenaline + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = (R)-adrenaline + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+)

  Catalysed by DBH, PNMTcytosol

• (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarateReach from here →
  1. transport of L-lactate and urate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, LDHB, LDHAL6B, HOGA1extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• methyl (indol-3-yl)acetateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = urate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  2. (indol-3-yl)acetate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = (indol-3-yl)acetate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  3. S-adenosyl-L-methionine:(indol-3-yl)acetate O-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A8, COMT, LRTOMTinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• a 1-(1-hydroxyalkyl)-sn-glycerolReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = urate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  2. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  3. 1-O-(1,2-saturated-alkyl)-sn-glycerol + (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 = a 1-(1-hydroxyalkyl)-sn-glycerol + (6R)-L-erythro-6,7-dihydrobiopterin + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC22A6, SLC22A8, AGMOinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 2'-phospho-cyclic ADP-riboseReach from here →
  1. nicotinate(in) + urate(out) = nicotinate(out) + urate(in)
  2. nicotinate + NADP(+) = NAADP(+) + nicotinamide
  3. 2'-phospho-cyclic ADP-ribose + nicotinate = NAADP(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC22A13, CD38inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• hexanedioyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
  2. glutarate + succinyl-CoA = glutaryl-CoA + succinate
  3. hexanedioate + glutaryl-CoA = hexanedioyl-CoA + glutarate

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, SUGCTinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

• 20-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene + glutathione = 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione + chloride + H(+)
  3. Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division (Rnd) Tcdb:2.A.60.1.5

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, PTGES, LANCL1, GSTM4 and 2 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• alpha-NAD(+)Reach from here →
  1. nicotinate(in) + urate(out) = nicotinate(out) + urate(in)
  2. nicotinate + NADP(+) = NAADP(+) + nicotinamide
  3. alpha-NAD(+) + H2O = ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC22A13, CD38, MACROD2 and 4 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• O-dodecanoyl-R-carnitineReach from here →
  1. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
  2. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
  3. dodecanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-dodecanoyl-R-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, CPT2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• ursodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene + glutathione = 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione + chloride + H(+)
  3. transport of S-glutathionyl-2-4-dinitrobenzene (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, PTGES, LANCL1, GSTM4 and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin G2Reach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene + glutathione = 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione + chloride + H(+)
  3. transport of prostaglandin G2 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, PTGES, LANCL1, GSTM4 and 2 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (R)-lipoateReach from here →
  1. ascorbate to monodehydroascorbate conversion
  2. 5,9-cyclo-6,8-cycloperoxy-12... to 5,9-cyclo-6,8,12-trihydroxy... conversion
  3. ascorbate to dehydroascorbic acid conversion

  No catalyst recordedcytosol

• an alkyl sulfateReach from here →
  1. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  2. a hydroperoxide + 2 glutathione = an alcohol + glutathione disulfide + H2O
  3. an alcohol + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = an alkyl sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC22A13, CP, PRDX6, SULT2B1 and 2 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• O-tetradecanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
  2. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
  3. tetradecanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-tetradecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, CPT2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• O-octadecanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
  2. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
  3. (R)-carnitine + octadecanoyl-CoA = O-octadecanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, CPT2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• O-eicosanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
  2. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
  3. eicosanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-eicosanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, CPT2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
  2. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
  3. (R)-carnitine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = O-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, CPT2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• O-4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
  2. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
  3. 4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, CPT2, CRAT, CROTinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• O-hexanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. urate(in) + glutarate(out) = urate(out) + glutarate(in)
  2. glutarate(in) + (R)-carnitine(out) = glutarate(out) + (R)-carnitine(in)
  3. hexanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-hexanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC22A8, CRATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane