CHEBI:16856

Three steps

• Cu(2+)Reach from here →
  1. transport of dopamine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O
  3. Cu(2+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = Cu(+)(out) + monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, DBH, CYBRD1extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• L-ascorbic acidReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 5-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  3. L-dehydroascorbate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + L-ascorbate

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 9 morecytosolOne of 10 routes

• Ca(2+)Reach from here →
  1. transport of GSH and serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of Ca2+ and K+ (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLC6A4, SLC24A1 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• Phe-tRNA(Phe)Reach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. transport of cysteine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Phenylalanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, FARSB, FARSAcytosol, extracellular space

• Gly-tRNA(Gly)Reach from here →
  1. leukotriene C4 synthase (GSH)
  2. leukotriene C4 hydrolysis
  3. glycine:tRNA(Gly) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by LTC4S, GARS1cytosol

• Trp-tRNA(Trp)Reach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. transport of cysteine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Tryptophan -tRNA(Trp) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, WARS1cytosol, extracellular space

• Ile-tRNA(Ile)Reach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. transport of cysteine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Isoleucine:tRNA(Ile) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, IARS1cytosol, extracellular space

• Gln-tRNA(Gln)Reach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. transport of cysteine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Glutamine:tRNA(Gln) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10, QARS1cytosol, extracellular space

• isocyanateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. transport of citrulline and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-citrulline + H(+) = isocyanate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, LACC1cytosol, extracellular space

• hypoioditeReach from here →
  1. transport of GSH and thyroxine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine,iodide:acceptor oxidoreductase (iodinating)
  3. iodide + H2O2 = hypoiodite + H2O

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, DIO1, DIO2 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• a thiolReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. L-cysteinyl-[sulfatase] + 2 a thiol + O2 = an organic disulfide + 3-oxo-L-alanyl-[sulfatase] + hydrogen sulfide + H2O + H(+)

  Catalysed by CTH, SUMF1cytosol

• Asn-tRNA(Asn)Reach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. transport of asparagine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Asparagine:tRNA(Asn) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, NARS1cytosol, extracellular space

• phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. transport of acetylcholine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  3. phosphocholine + H2O = choline + phosphate

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, BCHE, ACHE and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• D-aspartateReach from here →
  1. transport of GSH and sulfoglycolithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. steroid sulfatase (sulfoglycolithocholate)
  3. D-aspartate(in) + sulfate(out) = D-aspartate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, STS, SLC25A14 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 5-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. L-cystine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-aspartate(out)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 29 routes

• CHEBI:30249Reach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. transport of cysteine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, IDO1, TDO2, IDO2cytosol, extracellular space

• oxalateReach from here →
  1. transport of GSH and sulfoglycolithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. steroid sulfatase (sulfoglycolithocholate)
  3. oxalate(in) + sulfate(out) = oxalate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, STS, SLC25A14 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• propionic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of acetylcholine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  3. transport of acetate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, BCHE, ACHE and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 8 routes

• butyric acidReach from here →
  1. transport of acetylcholine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  3. transport of acetate and butyrate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, BCHE, ACHE and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 8 routes

• maleateReach from here →
  1. transport of GSH and sulfoglycolithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. steroid sulfatase (sulfoglycolithocholate)
  3. maleate(in) + sulfate(out) = maleate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, STS, SLC25A14 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• malonic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of GSH and sulfoglycolithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. steroid sulfatase (sulfoglycolithocholate)
  3. transport of malonate and sulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, STS, SLC25A10extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 6 routes

• tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (10Z)-heptadecenoic acid formation
  3. (10Z)-heptadecenoic acid formation

  No catalyst recordedextracellular space, cytosolOne of 12 routes

• (9Z)-octadecenoateReach from here →
  1. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (10Z)-heptadecenoic acid formation
  3. (10Z)-heptadecenoic acid formation

  No catalyst recordedextracellular space, cytosolOne of 14 routes

• adipic acidReach from here →
  1. solute carrier organic anion transporter (glycocholate)
  2. glycocholate(out) + glutarate(in) = glycocholate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. hexanedioate + glutaryl-CoA = hexanedioyl-CoA + glutarate

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLC22A24, SUGCTextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 3-hydroxypyruvic acidReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by CTH, AGXTcytosolOne of 2 routes

• (indol-3-yl)acetateReach from here →
  1. transport of GSH and prostaglandin E2 (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. prostaglandin E2(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = prostaglandin E2(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  3. (indol-3-yl)acetate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = (indol-3-yl)acetate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLC22A6, SLC22A8extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• an alcoholReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 5-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  3. a hydroperoxide + 2 glutathione = an alcohol + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 7 morecytosol

• (2R,3R)-tartrateReach from here →
  1. transport of GSH and sulfoglycolithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. steroid sulfatase (sulfoglycolithocholate)
  3. (2R,3R)-tartrate(in) + sulfate(out) = (2R,3R)-tartrate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, STS, SLC25A14 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (S,S)-tartrateReach from here →
  1. transport of GSH and sulfoglycolithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. steroid sulfatase (sulfoglycolithocholate)
  3. (S,S)-tartrate(in) + sulfate(out) = (S,S)-tartrate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, STS, SLC25A14 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (3R)-citramalateReach from here →
  1. transport of GSH and sulfoglycolithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. steroid sulfatase (sulfoglycolithocholate)
  3. (3R)-citramalate(in) + sulfate(out) = (3R)-citramalate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, STS, SLC25A14 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (3S)-citramalateReach from here →
  1. transport of GSH and sulfoglycolithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. steroid sulfatase (sulfoglycolithocholate)
  3. (3S)-citramalate(in) + sulfate(out) = (3S)-citramalate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, STS, SLC25A14 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• hexacosanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (10Z)-heptadecenoic acid formation
  3. (10Z)-heptadecenoic acid formation

  No catalyst recordedextracellular space, cytosolOne of 12 routes

• tetracosanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (10Z)-heptadecenoic acid formation
  3. (10Z)-heptadecenoic acid formation

  No catalyst recordedextracellular space, cytosolOne of 12 routes

• an N-acylsphinganineReach from here →
  1. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (10Z)-heptadecenoic acid formation
  3. N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase

  Catalysed by ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1, ASAH2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• eicosanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (10Z)-heptadecenoic acid formation
  3. (10Z)-heptadecenoic acid formation

  No catalyst recordedextracellular space, cytosolOne of 12 routes

• (9Z)-hexadecenoateReach from here →
  1. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (10Z)-heptadecenoic acid formation
  3. (10Z)-heptadecenoic acid formation

  No catalyst recordedextracellular space, cytosolOne of 18 routes

• (15Z)-tetracosenoateReach from here →
  1. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (10Z)-heptadecenoic acid formation
  3. (10Z)-heptadecenoic acid formation

  No catalyst recordedextracellular space, cytosolOne of 12 routes

• (11Z)-eicosenoateReach from here →
  1. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. (10Z)-heptadecenoic acid formation
  3. (10Z)-heptadecenoic acid formation

  No catalyst recordedextracellular space, cytosolOne of 12 routes

• nicotinateReach from here →
  1. glutathione:dehydroascorbate oxidoreductase
  2. ascorbate to monodehydroascorbate conversion
  3. nicotinate(in) + urate(out) = nicotinate(out) + urate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC22A12, SLC22A13cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• L-lysineReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. transport of cysteine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-lysine(in) + L-leucine(out) + Na(+)(out) = L-lysine(out) + L-leucine(in) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, SLC7A7cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 5 routes

• D-lysineReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. transport of cysteine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-lysine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-lysine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, SLC25A2cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• putrescineReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. transport of arginine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, SLC3A2, SLC7A7cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• D-arginineReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. transport of cysteine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-arginine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-arginine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, SLC25A2cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of GSH and prostaglandin H2 (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. thromboxane A synthase (12(S)-HHT)
  3. malonaldehyde + NAD(+) + H2O = 3-oxopropanoate + NADH + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLCO2A1, TBXAS1, ALDH1A1, ALDH1B1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. transport of cysteine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Methionine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, IL4I1cytosol, extracellular space

• tetra-mu3-sulfido-tetrairon(2+)Reach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S
  3. Synthesis of 4Fe4S from 2Fe2S

  Catalysed by NDUFAB1, FDXR, FXN, FDX2 and 9 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. transport of cysteine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-isoleucine + 2-oxoglutarate = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, BCAT2, BCAT1cytosol, extracellular space

• D-cysteineReach from here →
  1. glutathione gamma-glutamylaminopeptidase
  2. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)
  3. D-cysteine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-cysteine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by GGTLC3, GGT1, GGT5, GGTLC2 and 3 morecytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• D-serineReach from here →
  1. glutathione gamma-glutamylaminopeptidase
  2. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)
  3. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by GGTLC3, GGT1, GGT5, GGTLC2 and 3 morecytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 11 routes

• an acylcholineReach from here →
  1. transport of acetylcholine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  3. an acylcholine + H2O = a carboxylate + choline + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, BCHE, ACHEextracellular space, cytosol