CHEBI:15570

Three steps

• N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithineReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N2-Acetyl-L-ornithine amidohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, ACY1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 2-phenylacetamideReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-phenylalanine:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, EPXcytosol, extracellular space

• anthranilateReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by KYNUcytosol

• Met-tRNA(Met)Reach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Methionine:tRNAMet ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, MARS1cytosol, extracellular space

• (R)-glycerateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. D-glycerate:NADP+ 2-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by DAO, AGXT, GRHPRperoxisome, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-CTPReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. CTP + AH2 + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-CTP + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + A + H2O + H(+)

  Catalysed by MOCOS, RSAD2cytosol

• pyridoxineReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. pyridoxine-5'-phosphate phosphohydrolase

  Catalysed by SCLY, PHOSPHO2, PDXPcytosolOne of 2 routes

• 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glyoxylate + L-methionine = 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, AADATcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (S)-lactate + L-phenylalanine = N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanine + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, CNDP2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• tryptamineReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan decarboxy-lyase

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, DDCcytosol, extracellular space

• (S)-2-hydroxyglutarateReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + A = 2-oxoglutarate + AH2

  Catalysed by MOCOS, L2HGDHcytosol

• formaldehydeReach from here →
  1. transport of D-alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:glycine N-methyltransferase
  3. sarcosine:oxygen oxidoreductase (demethylating)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A10, GNMT, PIPOX and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, peroxisomeOne of 2 routes

• trans-1,2-dithiane-4,5-diolReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. selenocysteine lyase (dithiothreitol)

  Catalysed by SCLYcytosol

• creatineReach from here →
  1. transport of D-alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A10, GATM, GAMTextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• ferrocytochrome cReach from here →
  1. D-alanine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. (S)-Lactate:ferricytochrome-c 2-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by DAO, LDHB, LDHAL6B, CYB5D1peroxisome, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-acetyl-L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by AGXT2, NAT8Lcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• bilirubin IXalphaReach from here →
  1. transport of D-alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of bilirubin and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A10, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• oxalic acidReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride and oxalate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• glycolaldehydeReach from here →
  1. D-alanine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. hydroxypyruvate carboxy-lyase (glycolaldehyde-forming)

  Catalysed by DAO, AGXTperoxisome, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-mannosamineReach from here →
  1. D-alanine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)

  Catalysed by DAO, NPLperoxisome, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• taurolithocholateReach from here →
  1. transport of D-alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and taurolithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A10, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:17208Reach from here →
  1. transport of D-alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. glutathione:dehydroascorbate oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A10, GSSextracellular space, cytosol

• homocysteineReach from here →
  1. transport of D-alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. Formation of Homocystine

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A10, GSSextracellular space, cytosol

• L-glutamic 5-semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Ornithine:2-oxo-acid aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, OATcytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• 17alpha-hydroxyprogesteroneReach from here →
  1. D-alanine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)

  Catalysed by DAO, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreperoxisome, extracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• anilineReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Acetyl-CoA:arylamine N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by NAT2, NAT1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• CHEBI:17312Reach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. N1,N12-diacetylspermine to N1-acetylspermine conversion

  No catalyst recordedcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• sulfiteReach from here →
  1. transport of D-alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A10, GSS, TSTD1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• CHEBI:17380Reach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of 3-Hydroxy-L-Kynurenine

  Catalysed by SLC7A5cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylateReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-proline:(acceptor) oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, PRODH2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• agmatineReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-arginine carboxy-lyase (agmatine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6cytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• enol-oxaloacetateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. (S)-malate + a quinone = enol-oxaloacetate + a quinol

  Catalysed by DAO, ME2, SDHB, SDHAperoxisome

• indole-3-pyruvateReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan + O2 + H2O = indole-3-pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, IL4I1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine sulfateReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine sulfate + iodide + A + H(+) = L-thyroxine sulfate + AH2

  Catalysed by MOCOS, DIO1cytosol

• 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine + AH2

  Catalysed by MOCOS, DIO1, DIO3cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine sulfateReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine sulfate + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine sulfate + AH2

  Catalysed by MOCOS, DIO1cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C18:3->C16:3), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by HADHA, ACADVL, HADHBcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• CHEBI:17724Reach from here →
  1. transport of D-alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:glycine N-methyltransferase
  3. dimethylglycine dehydrogenase (formaldehyde)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A10, GNMT, PDPR and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• glycine betaineReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC6A12cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• 4-methylumbelliferyl acetateReach from here →
  1. D-alanine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate + H2O = 4-methylumbelliferone + acetate + H(+)

  Catalysed by DAO, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 5 moreperoxisome, extracellular space, cytosol

• trans-urocanateReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-histidine ammonia-lyase (urocanate-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A6, HALcytosol, extracellular space

• urateReach from here →
  1. transport of D-alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A10, GSS, SLC22A13extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

• 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophanReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tryptophan + O2 = 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, TPH1, TPH2cytosol, extracellular space

• methylarsonous acidReach from here →
  1. transport of D-alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. methylarsonate + 2 glutathione + H(+) = methylarsonous acid + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A10, GSS, GSTO1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, BCAT2cytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• all-trans-retinalReach from here →
  1. D-alanine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. retinoate reduction

  Catalysed by DAO, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreperoxisome, extracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:17927Reach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion

  No catalyst recordedcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 3-oxopropanoic acidReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. beta-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = beta-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  3. beta-alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, ABATcytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• 3-phenylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. alanine racemase
  2. transport of alanine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Phenylalanine Transaminase, Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by SLC7A5, GOT2, TATcytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• fumaric acidReach from here →
  1. D-alanine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. (S)-malate hydro-lyase (fumarate-forming)

  Catalysed by DAO, ME2, FHperoxisome, cytosolOne of 6 routes