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01caffeine450 mg
DSLD:17446 · 1 line in DSLD's order, each with its amount as DSLD records it · a mark for each finding on outcomes filed under a line's substance, at its evidence strength, strongest first
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Extra Strength Caffeine 450 mg

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01 · the label

Line by line, in DSLD’s order.†

Amounts are as DSLD records each line, with no serving tied to them. A line that names one substance is filed under it, and that substance’s findings on outcomes are drawn by strength.

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  1. 01caffeineAmount: 450 mgFiled under: caffeineFindings by strength: Count: 8158 papers

02 · the evidence

What the graph holds for each line.†

Each finding with its paper, the people studied and the dose its study gave. No dose is advised: a dose here is the one a study used. Nothing on this page sums the lines into one score.

line 01

caffeine†

450 mg on the label

81 findings · 58 papers

Findings filed under caffeine, any form; this line's form is not recorded here.

The caffeine page

Nested hairline contours trace the electron density of one computed shape of caffeine, teal at the edge warming to amber over the atoms.
caffeine · promolecular electron density · PubChem CID 2519, computed 3D conformer · atom and bond Gaussians, contours every e⅓
  1. Endpoint: peak power outputcontestedMoved: raisesEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: 15 male football players; Wingate test on a Monark 834E 60 min after powdered caffeine capsule versus maltodextrin capsule; absolute maximum power in wattscrossoverdose studied: 3 mg/kg powdered caffeine in a gelatin capsule, single dose 60 min before the test (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Moderate · replicated ×5Paper: PMID:394081962024doi 10.3390/nu16193228finding · sentence

    Additionally, the DK form exhibited significantly higher Maximum Power values than the PM form, while the PC form also showed significantly higher values compared to the PM form.”

    Quoted verbatim from Determining the Levels of Cortisol, Testosterone, Lactic Acid and Anaerobic Performance in Athletes Using Various Forms of Coffee.
  2. Endpoint: rating of perceived exertioncontestedMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: SMD 0.258 [−0.048 to 0.565]Who and the dose studied: Adult female team-sport athletes; RPE recorded after an exercise protocol, pooled across nine studiesmeta-analysisdose studied: Acute oral caffeine, doses across included studies 1.3-6 mg/kg, ingested 60 min before testing (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Moderate · replicated ×10Paper: PMID:346846652021doi 10.3390/nu13103663finding · sentence

    As shown in C, nine studies evaluated RPE after performing an exercise protocol after caffeine supplementation, finding no effect of this supplement on RPE (SMD: 0.258, 95% CI: −0.048, 0.565; I2 0.26% p = 0.260).”

    Quoted verbatim from Does Acute Caffeine Supplementation Improve Physical Performance in Female Team-Sport Athletes? Evidence from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
  3. Endpoint: peak power outputcontestedMoved: raisesEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: Ten elite Hong Kong national-team taekwondo athletes (six men, four women), placebo drink crossover; 30-s Wingate test after two simulated matchescrossoverdose studied: 200 mg caffeine in a drink, single dose, 1 h before the simulated matchesEvidence: Moderate · replicated ×5Paper: PMID:360149062022doi 10.3390/nu14163398finding · sentence

    The total peak power (p = 0.007, effect size = 1.091), peak power per unit body weight (p = 0.018, effect size = 0.911), and mean power per unit body weight (p = 0.042, effect size = 0.749) were higher in the CAF trial than in the PLA trial.”

    Quoted verbatim from Effects of Caffeine on Performances of Simulated Match, Wingate Anaerobic Test, and Cognitive Function Test of Elite Taekwondo Athletes in Hong Kong.
  4. Endpoint: peak power outputcontestedMoved: raisesEffect as reported: MD 73.44 [13.77 to 133.1]Who and the dose studied: Physically active young men completing 30 s Wingate anaerobic tests; both compared arms listened to self-selected music during warm-up, so music is background and caffeine is the only difference from the maltodextrin placebo armcrossoverdose studied: 3 mg/kg caffeine, single dose 60 min before exercise (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Moderate · replicated ×5Paper: PMID:398614812025doi 10.3390/nu17020351finding · sentence

    Pairwise comparisons further showed that Mus + CAF achieved significantly higher peak power than Mus + PLA (MD: 73.44 W, 95% CI: 13.77 to 133.1, p = 0.01, ES = 0.50).”

    Quoted verbatim from Effects of Caffeine Intake Combined with Self-Selected Music During Warm-Up on Anaerobic Performance: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Study.
  5. Endpoint: time-trial completion timecontestedMoved: lowersEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: Eleven recreational cross-country cyclists (nine men, two women), aged 18 to 30; 13.90 km self-paced cross-country (mountain bike) time trial timed by GPScrossoverdose studied: 3 mg/kg body mass caffeine as soluble coffee, single dose 60 min before the trial; placebo decaffeinated coffee (0.04 mg/kg caffeine) (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Moderate · replicated ×5Paper: PMID:384747962024doi 10.3390/nu16050668finding · sentence

    The time to complete the cross-country time trial was significantly shorter with the caffeinated coffee (CAF) than with the decaffeinated/placebo (PLA) coffee (43.20 ± 7.35 vs. 41.17 ± 6.18 min; t = 3.137; d = 0.300; p = 0.011).”

    Quoted verbatim from Effects of Caffeinated Coffee on Cross-Country Cycling Performance in Recreational Cyclists.
  6. Endpoint: time to exhaustioncontestedMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: Study 2: 21 recreationally active adults (11 women) with low-to-moderate habitual caffeine intake following their normal diet; constant-load cycling at 65% of peak power output until exhaustion; 6 mg/kg caffeinecrossoverdose studied: 6 mg/kg caffeine in gelatin capsules 60 min before cycling, versus white maize flour placebo (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Moderate · replicated ×2Paper: PMID:407046352025doi 10.1080/15502783.2025.2534131finding · sentence

    No differences between the CAF and PLA trials were evident for TTE, absolute HR, and relative HR (Table 5).”

    Quoted verbatim from No effects of caffeine on cycling to exhaustion and perceptual responses in non-caffeine-restricted subjects.
  7. Endpoint: time to exhaustioncontestedMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: 12 healthy, caffeine-habituated, heat-unacclimatised males cycling to exhaustion in the heat (35 °C, 40% RH) at the power output associated with the thermoneutral gas exchange threshold, 60 min after ingestion; placebo was maltodextrincrossoverdose studied: 5 mg/kg body mass caffeine in capsules, single dose 1 h before exercise (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Moderate · replicated ×2Paper: PMID:385682592024doi 10.1007/s00421-024-05460-zfinding · sentence

    There was no effect of caffeine supplementation on TTE (t(11) = − 1.2, P = 0.251, d = 0.16; Fig. 1).”

    Quoted verbatim from Caffeine ingestion compromises thermoregulation and does not improve cycling time to exhaustion in the heat amongst males.
  8. Endpoint: upper-body muscular strength (pooled composite)Moved: raisesEffect as reported: SMD 0.17 [0.09 to 0.26]Who and the dose studied: Healthy adult women; subgroup analysis restricted to upper-body 1RM tests (bench press, bicep curl, lat pull-down, shoulder press, row), not the overall estimatemeta-analysisdose studied: dose not reported in this findingEvidence: Moderate · replicated ×1Paper: PMID:340721822021doi 10.3390/ijerph18115773finding · sentence

    In a subgroup analysis that considered only upper-body 1RM tests, there was a significant ergogenic effect of caffeine (SMD: 0.17; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.26; p < 0.001; I2 = 0%).”

    Quoted verbatim from Ergogenic Effects of Acute Caffeine Intake on Muscular Endurance and Muscular Strength in Women: A Meta-Analysis.
  9. Endpoint: lower-body muscular strength (pooled composite)Moved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: SMD 0.15 [−0.05 to 0.34]Who and the dose studied: Healthy adolescent and young-adult participants, trained and untrained, of both sexes; LOWER-BODY SUBGROUP of the pooled 1RM maximal-strength analysis, not the overall estimate. Constituent tests: back squat, leg press.meta-analysisdose studied: Acute pre-exercise ingestion (capsule, liquid or gel), mean 4.8 mg/kg, range 0.9-6 mg/kg, 45-60 min before testing (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Moderate · replicated ×1Paper: PMID:295271372018doi 10.1186/s12970-018-0216-0finding · sentence

    A subgroup analysis indicated that caffeine significantly improves upper (SMD = 0.21; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.39; p = 0.026; Fig. 3) but not lower body strength (SMD = 0.15; 95% CI: -0.05, 0.34; p = 0.147; Fig. 4).”

    Quoted verbatim from Effects of caffeine intake on muscle strength and power: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
  10. Endpoint: lower-body muscular strength (pooled composite)Moved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: SMD 0.16 [−0.03 to 0.35]Who and the dose studied: Healthy adult women; subgroup analysis restricted to lower-body 1RM tests (squat, leg press, knee extension), not the overall estimatemeta-analysisdose studied: dose not reported in this findingEvidence: Moderate · replicated ×1Paper: PMID:340721822021doi 10.3390/ijerph18115773finding · sentence

    In a subgroup analysis that considered only lower-body 1RM tests, there was no significant difference between caffeine and placebo (SMD: 0.16; 95% CI: −0.03, 0.35; p = 0.109; I2 = 0%).”

    Quoted verbatim from Ergogenic Effects of Acute Caffeine Intake on Muscular Endurance and Muscular Strength in Women: A Meta-Analysis.
  11. Endpoint: time-trial completion timecontestedMoved: lowersEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: Healthy adults aged 18-59 years performing aerobic time-trial testsmeta-analysisdose studied: Acute pre-exercise oral anhydrous caffeine; low (3 mg/kg or less) and moderate (4-6 mg/kg) dose strata (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Moderate · replicated ×5Paper: PMID:423563752026doi 10.3390/nu18121989finding · sentence

    Both low and moderate caffeine doses significantly reduced time-trial completion time relative to placebo.”

    Quoted verbatim from Dose-Response Effect of Oral Caffeine Use on Aerobic Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
  12. Endpoint: countermovement jump heightcontestedMoved: raisesEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: Male volleyball athletes aged 18 to 23 years; all four groups did four weeks of twice-weekly lower limb resistance training; the caffeine group is compared with the placebo group, which received blank capsules · industry fundedRCTdose studied: 3 mg/kg caffeine, single dose 30 min before the final test only; empty capsules otherwise (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Moderate · replicated ×4Paper: PMID:400050092025doi 10.3390/nu17040681finding · sentence

    Both the CAF and CAF + RHO groups showed significant improvements compared to the CTR group, with the CAF + RHO group achieving the highest CMJ performance (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively).”

    Quoted verbatim from Effects of the Combined Supplementation of Caffeine and Rhodiola Rosea with Resistance Training on Lower Limb Explosive Power in Male Volleyball Players.
  13. Endpoint: mean power outputcontestedMoved: raisesEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: Ten elite Hong Kong national-team taekwondo athletes (six men, four women), placebo drink crossover; 30-s Wingate test after two simulated matchescrossoverdose studied: 200 mg caffeine in a drink, single dose, 1 h before the simulated matchesEvidence: Moderate · replicated ×5Paper: PMID:360149062022doi 10.3390/nu14163398finding · sentence

    The total peak power (p = 0.007, effect size = 1.091), peak power per unit body weight (p = 0.018, effect size = 0.911), and mean power per unit body weight (p = 0.042, effect size = 0.749) were higher in the CAF trial than in the PLA trial.”

    Quoted verbatim from Effects of Caffeine on Performances of Simulated Match, Wingate Anaerobic Test, and Cognitive Function Test of Elite Taekwondo Athletes in Hong Kong.
  14. Endpoint: rating of perceived exertioncontestedMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: 26 moderately trained CrossFit practitioners (10 females, 16 males) with habitual moderate caffeine intake; all three caffeine doses compared with placebo; RPE rated on the Borg 6 to 20 scale after the Fight Gone Bad testcrossoverdose studied: 3, 6 or 9 mg/kg body mass caffeine, single acute dose 70 min before the exercise test (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Moderate · replicated ×10Paper: PMID:382266462024doi 10.1080/15502783.2023.2301384finding · sentence

    Regarding the HR and the RPE, there were no significant differences between HRmean, HRmax or RPE and CAF/PLA during the whole study protocol.”

    Quoted verbatim from The dose-dependent effect of caffeine supplementation on performance, reaction time and postural stability in CrossFit - a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial.
  15. Endpoint: mean power outputcontestedMoved: raisesEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: 15 male football players; Wingate test on a Monark 834E 60 min after powdered caffeine capsule versus maltodextrin capsule; absolute average power in wattscrossoverdose studied: 3 mg/kg powdered caffeine in a gelatin capsule, single dose 60 min before the test (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Moderate · replicated ×5Paper: PMID:394081962024doi 10.3390/nu16193228finding · sentence

    Additionally, the DK form exhibited significantly higher Average Power values than the PM form, while the PC form also showed significantly higher values compared to the PM form.”

    Quoted verbatim from Determining the Levels of Cortisol, Testosterone, Lactic Acid and Anaerobic Performance in Athletes Using Various Forms of Coffee.
  16. Endpoint: rating of perceived exertioncontestedMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: recreationally-trained male cyclistscrossoverdose studied: 5 mg/kg body weight, single dose, ingested 1 hour before the trial (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Moderate · replicated ×10Paper: PMID:240586842013doi 10.1371/journal.pone.0075399finding · sentence

    Similarly, the RPE increased progressively from 1000 m (PLA: 11.0±1.7 and CAF: 11.1±2.0 units) to 4000 m (PLA: 16.3±2.5 and CAF: 16.4±2.2 units) in both conditions, but there was no significant difference between them.”

    Quoted verbatim from Caffeine alters anaerobic distribution and pacing during a 4000-m cycling time trial.
  17. Endpoint: rating of perceived exertioncontestedMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: 8 moderately trained female swimmers, RPE taken at the end of the tests; placebo was wheat bran capsulescrossoverdose studied: 6 mg/kg CAF in capsules, single dose 60 min before testing (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Moderate · replicated ×10Paper: PMID:387325002024doi 10.3390/nu16091253finding · sentence

    There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between CAF and PLA conditions for RPE (3.0 ± 0.7 vs. 3.0 ± 0.9, p = 1.000, d = 0.00, Table 2) and balance (2.2 ± 0.6 vs. 1.8 ± 0.4, p = 0.162, d = 0.58, Table 2).”

    Quoted verbatim from Caffeine Improves Sprint Time in Simulated Freestyle Swimming Competition but Not the Vertical Jump in Female Swimmers.
  18. Endpoint: upper-body muscular strength (pooled composite)Moved: raisesEffect as reported: SMD 0.21 [0.02 to 0.39]Who and the dose studied: Healthy adolescent and young-adult participants, trained and untrained, of both sexes; UPPER-BODY SUBGROUP of the pooled 1RM maximal-strength analysis, not the overall estimate. Constituent tests: bench press, machine bench press, lat pulldown.meta-analysisdose studied: Acute pre-exercise ingestion (capsule, liquid or gel), mean 4.7 mg/kg, range 0.9-6 mg/kg, 45-60 min before testing (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Moderate · replicated ×1Paper: PMID:295271372018doi 10.1186/s12970-018-0216-0finding · sentence

    A subgroup analysis indicated that caffeine significantly improves upper (SMD = 0.21; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.39; p = 0.026; Fig. 3) but not lower body strength (SMD = 0.15; 95% CI: -0.05, 0.34; p = 0.147; Fig. 4).”

    Quoted verbatim from Effects of caffeine intake on muscle strength and power: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
  19. Endpoint: countermovement jump heightcontestedMoved: raisesEffect as reported: MD 1.23 [0.27 to 2.18]Who and the dose studied: elite traditional Jiu-Jitsu athletes, double-blind placebo-controlled crossover; bilateral countermovement jump on a force platform, flight-time method, 60 min after dosingcrossover · 1 daydose studied: 3 mg/kg body mass caffeine anhydrous in a capsule, single dose 60 min before testing (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Moderate · replicated ×4Paper: PMID:340698922021doi 10.3390/nu13051705finding · sentence

    Caffeine consumption significantly increased jump height using the flight time method (p = 0.008; mean diff = 1.23 cm [0.27 to 2.18]; Δ% = 4.40 [0.90 to 8.00]).”

    Quoted verbatim from Caffeine Doses of 3 mg/kg Increase Unilateral and Bilateral Vertical Jump Outcomes in Elite Traditional Jiu-Jitsu Athletes.
  20. Endpoint: one-repetition maximum strengthcontestedMoved: raisesEffect as reported: SMD 0.18 [0.1 to 0.25]Who and the dose studied: Healthy adult women; overall meta-analysis of 6 placebo-controlled crossover trials of 1RM strengthmeta-analysisdose studied: dose not reported in this findingEvidence: ModeratePaper: PMID:340721822021doi 10.3390/ijerph18115773finding · sentence

    In the main meta-analysis that considered data from 6 included studies, there was a significant ergogenic effect of caffeine on 1RM strength (SMD: 0.18; 95% CI: 0.10, 0.25; p < 0.001; I2 = 0%; Figure 3).”

    Quoted verbatim from Ergogenic Effects of Acute Caffeine Intake on Muscular Endurance and Muscular Strength in Women: A Meta-Analysis.
  21. Endpoint: total sleep timeMoved: lowersEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: 41 healthy adults, mean age 33 years, after 38 h of total sleep deprivation; recovery night polysomnography with a Dreem headbandcrossoverdose studied: 2.5 mg/kg caffeine powder in a decaffeinated beverage at 08:30 and 14:30 each day during sleep deprivation, last dose 6.5 h before bedtime (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Moderate · replicated ×2Paper: PMID:394584382024doi 10.3390/nu16203442finding · sentence

    Acute caffeine intake decreased TST during the recovery night (F(1,70) = 6.31, p = 0.01, −30.2 ± 8.2 min, η2 = 0.11) (see Table S1, Supplementary Data for linear mixed model statistical tables).”

    Quoted verbatim from Caffeine Intake Alters Recovery Sleep after Sleep Deprivation.
  22. Endpoint: countermovement jump heightcontestedMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: MD 1.17 [−0.02 to 2.36]Who and the dose studied: Healthy young adults (active and sedentary), pooled across CYP1A2 genotypes; countermovement jump height in cm per the review Methods; secondary endpoint (the review primary outcome was CYP1A2 genotype)meta-analysisdose studied: Acute single dose, 2-6 mg/kg, ingested before the performance test (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Limited · replicated ×1Paper: PMID:381581792024doi 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.12.005finding · sentence

    CMJ performance was not improved by caffeine supplementation (WMD = 1.17, 95%CI: –0.02 to 2.36, p = 0.05).”

    Quoted verbatim from Does ergogenic effect of caffeine supplementation depend on CYP1A2 genotypes? A systematic review with meta-analysis.
  23. Endpoint: isometric peak forceMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: highly resistance-trained men · n = 12crossoverdose studied: 3 mg/kg caffeine, ingested 60 min before testing (AMCAFF morning trial) (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Limited · replicated ×1Paper: PMID:224967672012doi 10.1371/journal.pone.0033807finding · sentence

    No significant differences were detected in maximal isometric voluntary contraction strength of the right knee (MVCLEG) among any treatment (AMPLAC, AMCAFF and PMPLAC).”

    Quoted verbatim from Caffeine ingestion reverses the circadian rhythm effects on neuromuscular performance in highly resistance-trained men.
  24. Endpoint: rating of perceived exertioncontestedMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: Fifteen healthy, moderately trained men and women; Borg 6-20 rating taken 5 min after a 15-s Wingate testcrossoverdose studied: 3 mg/kg single dose, 60 min before test (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Limited · replicated ×10Paper: PMID:353660922022doi 10.1007/s00394-022-02875-2finding · sentence

    Self-reported values of exertion in the Borg scale were unaffected by the administration of caffeine (19.3 ± 1.3 and 19.3 ± 0.8 arbitrary units for placebo and caffeine, respectively; P = 0.80).”

    Quoted verbatim from Effect of caffeine on muscle oxygen saturation during short-term all-out exercise: a double-blind randomized crossover study.
  25. Endpoint: mean power outputcontestedMoved: raisesEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: Fifteen healthy, moderately trained men and women; 15-s Wingate test on a cycle ergometercrossoverdose studied: 3 mg/kg single dose, 60 min before test (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Limited · replicated ×5Paper: PMID:353660922022doi 10.1007/s00394-022-02875-2finding · sentence

    In comparison to the placebo, the oral administration of caffeine increased peak cycling power by 2.9 ± 4.5% (from 9.65 ± 1.38 to. 9.92 ± 1.41 W/kg, P = 0.038; ES, 95% CI = 0.28, 0.05–0.51) and mean cycling power by 3.5 ± 6.2% (from 8.30 ± 1.08 to 8.57 ± 1.12 W/kg, P = 0.044; ES = 0.36, 0.01–0.71, Fig. 1).”

    Quoted verbatim from Effect of caffeine on muscle oxygen saturation during short-term all-out exercise: a double-blind randomized crossover study.
  26. Endpoint: peak power outputcontestedMoved: raisesEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: Fifteen healthy, moderately trained men and women; 15-s Wingate test on a cycle ergometercrossoverdose studied: 3 mg/kg single dose, 60 min before test (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Limited · replicated ×5Paper: PMID:353660922022doi 10.1007/s00394-022-02875-2finding · sentence

    In comparison to the placebo, the oral administration of caffeine increased peak cycling power by 2.9 ± 4.5% (from 9.65 ± 1.38 to. 9.92 ± 1.41 W/kg, P = 0.038; ES, 95% CI = 0.28, 0.05–0.51) and mean cycling power by 3.5 ± 6.2% (from 8.30 ± 1.08 to 8.57 ± 1.12 W/kg, P = 0.044; ES = 0.36, 0.01–0.71, Fig. 1).”

    Quoted verbatim from Effect of caffeine on muscle oxygen saturation during short-term all-out exercise: a double-blind randomized crossover study.
  27. Endpoint: squat jump heightcontestedMoved: raisesEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: Thirteen trained shot putters (eight men and five women), placebo-controlled crossover; squat jump on a force platformcrossoverdose studied: 3 mg/kg body mass, single dose, 45 min before testing (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Limited · replicated ×1Paper: PMID:358138432022doi 10.1080/15502783.2022.2096415finding · sentence

    In the SJ, caffeine increased jump height (+6.4%, ES = 0.63, p = 0.042), and concentric peak velocity (+2.8%, ES = 0.65, p = 0.037).”

    Quoted verbatim from Acute caffeine supplementation enhances several aspects of shot put performance in trained athletes.
  28. Endpoint: squat jump heightcontestedMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: NCAA Division II student-athletes, habitual caffeine users (<50 mg/day baseline) · n = 40crossoverdose studied: 5 mg/kg body mass anhydrous caffeine, single dose, capsule, ingested 60 minutes before testing (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: LimitedPaper: PMID:403207392025doi 10.1080/15502783.2025.2501063finding · sentence

    The maximum NCAA-approved caffeine dosage did not yield a consistent or statistically significant change in SJ jump height relative to placebo.”

    Quoted verbatim from Caffeine's influence on vertical jump height: a real-life collegiate student-athlete approach.
  29. Endpoint: countermovement jump heightcontestedMoved: raisesEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: Thirteen trained shot putters (eight men and five women), placebo-controlled crossover; CMJ measured on a force platformcrossoverdose studied: 3 mg/kg body mass, single dose, 45 min before testing (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Limited · replicated ×4Paper: PMID:358138432022doi 10.1080/15502783.2022.2096415finding · sentence

    Caffeine significantly increased CMJ jump height (+5.0%, ES = 0.82, p = 0.012), peak power (+2.5%, ES = 0.70, p = 0.027) and peak velocity (+1.8%, ES = 0.67, p = 0.033) during the concentric phase of the jump.”

    Quoted verbatim from Acute caffeine supplementation enhances several aspects of shot put performance in trained athletes.
  30. Endpoint: handgrip strength (hand dynamometer)Moved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: Thirteen trained shot putters (eight men and five women), placebo-controlled crossover; digital dynamometer, both handscrossoverdose studied: 3 mg/kg body mass, single dose, 45 min before testing (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: LimitedPaper: PMID:358138432022doi 10.1080/15502783.2022.2096415finding · sentence

    There were not differences between caffeine and placebo for handgrip force in either the dominant hand (48.22 ± 12.18 vs 48.38 ± 13.01 kg, ES = −0.06, p = 0.843) or the non-dominant hand (43.35 ± 11.35 vs 42.86 ± 12.25 kg, ES = 0.13, p = 0.642).”

    Quoted verbatim from Acute caffeine supplementation enhances several aspects of shot put performance in trained athletes.
  31. Endpoint: repetitions to failure at a fixed relative loadMoved: raisesEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: 29 resistance-trained participants (11 men and 18 women); caffeine alone compared with placebo, in a four-condition crossover that also included paracetamol and caffeine plus paracetamol; bench press at 75% of 1RM to momentary muscular failurecrossoverdose studied: caffeine 3 mg/kg, single dose 45 min before testing (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: LimitedPaper: PMID:392460272024doi 10.1080/15502783.2024.2400513finding · sentence

    Compared to placebo, isolated caffeine ingestion increased the number of repetitions performed in the bench press (p = 0.005; d = 0.42).”

    Quoted verbatim from Caffeine, but not paracetamol (acetaminophen), enhances muscular endurance, strength, and power.
  32. Endpoint: countermovement jump heightcontestedMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: NCAA Division II student-athletes, habitual caffeine users (<50 mg/day baseline) · n = 40crossoverdose studied: 5 mg/kg body mass anhydrous caffeine, single dose, capsule, ingested 60 minutes before testing (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Limited · replicated ×1Paper: PMID:403207392025doi 10.1080/15502783.2025.2501063finding · sentence

    The caffeine dose under study did not significantly alter CMJ jump height at the group level, with no consistent changes relative to placebo.”

    Quoted verbatim from Caffeine's influence on vertical jump height: a real-life collegiate student-athlete approach.
  33. Endpoint: mean power outputcontestedMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: Physically active young men completing 30 s Wingate anaerobic tests; both compared arms listened to self-selected music during warm-up, so music is background and caffeine is the only difference from the maltodextrin placebo armcrossoverdose studied: 3 mg/kg caffeine, single dose 60 min before exercise (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Limited · replicated ×3Paper: PMID:398614812025doi 10.3390/nu17020351finding · sentence

    No significant differences were observed between Mus + PLA and Mus + CAF in mean power or total work (p > 0.05).”

    Quoted verbatim from Effects of Caffeine Intake Combined with Self-Selected Music During Warm-Up on Anaerobic Performance: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Study.
  34. Endpoint: rating of perceived exertioncontestedMoved: lowersEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: Young male soccer players; Borg 15-point (6-20) RPE rated 5 min after 3-a-side small-sided games. Main effect of supplementation pooled across the continuous and intermittent game formats.crossoverdose studied: 300 mg caffeinated chewing gum (Military Energy Gum), masticated for 5 min, finishing 5 min before the warm-upEvidence: Limited · replicated ×4Paper: PMID:423563482026doi 10.3390/nu18121962finding · sentence

    Compared with the PLA, the CAF chewing gum increased the HRmean, HRmax, %HRmax, and EES, and reduced the RPE and MF.”

    Quoted verbatim from Effects of Caffeinated Chewing Gum on Psychophysiological Responses and Kinematic Profiles During Intermittent and Continuous Small-Sided Soccer Games in Young Male Players: A Randomized Crossover Trial.
  35. Endpoint: mean power outputcontestedMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: 36 healthy resistance-trained female college students who habitually consumed caffeine, FAST and SLOW CYP1A2 genotype groups pooled; 30-s Wingate test on a Wattbike about 30 min after drinkcrossoverdose studied: 6 mg/kg anhydrous caffeine in 20 oz Propel, single dose 30 min before testing (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Limited · replicated ×3Paper: PMID:392039052024doi 10.3390/nu16162767finding · sentence

    Despite a higher mean power for the CAF group, there were no observed main effects of significant differences between conditions (p = 0.412) or genotype groups (p = 0.093).”

    Quoted verbatim from Impact of CYP1A2 Genotypes on the Ergogenic Effects and Subjective Mood States of Caffeine Ingestion in Resistance-Trained Women.
  36. Endpoint: time to exhaustioncontestedMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: Trained eumenorrheic female athletes with regular menstrual cycles, tested in early follicular, late follicular and mid-luteal phases · n = 12RCTdose studied: 400 mg caffeine ingested one hour before the testing sessionEvidence: Very limited · replicated ×2Paper: PMID:421969722026doi 10.3390/nu18101512finding · sentence

    Time to exhaustion was not significantly influenced by CAF supplementation or menstrual cycle phase (p > 0.05).”

    Quoted verbatim from Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Neuromuscular Performance Across Menstrual Cycle Phases in Eumenorrheic Female Athletes: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial.
  37. Endpoint: time-trial completion timecontestedMoved: lowersEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: competitive oarsmen · n = 8crossoverdose studied: 6 or 9 mg/kg body mass caffeine, 1 h before exercise (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Very limited · replicated ×5Paper: PMID:110795282000doi 10.1097/00005768-200011000-00021finding · sentence

    Both doses of caffeine had a similar ergogenic effect relative to placebo: performance time decreased by a mean of 1.2% (95% likely range 0.4-1.9%); the corresponding increase in mean power was 2.7% (0.4-5.0%).”

    Quoted verbatim from Enhancement of 2000-m rowing performance after caffeine ingestion.
  38. Endpoint: time-trial completion timecontestedMoved: lowersEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: competitive male athletes, whole cohort pooled across CYP1A2 genotypes, 10-km cycling time trial · n = 101crossoverdose studied: 4 mg/kg caffeine, single dose (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Very limited · replicated ×5Paper: PMID:295096412018doi 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001596finding · sentence

    Overall, 4 mg·kg caffeine decreased cycling time by 3% (mean ± SEM) versus placebo (17.6 ± 0.1 vs 18.1 ± 0.1 min, P = 0.01).”

    Quoted verbatim from Caffeine, CYP1A2 Genotype, and Endurance Performance in Athletes.
  39. Endpoint: time-trial completion timecontestedMoved: lowersEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: 10 highly trained male cross-country skiers · n = 10crossoverdose studied: 6 mg/kg caffeine (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Very limited · replicated ×5Paper: PMID:235912942013doi 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182967948finding · sentence

    CAF ingestion reduced the time to complete the 8-km C-PT from 34:26 ± 1:25 to 33:01 ± 1:24 min (P < 0.05).”

    Quoted verbatim from Caffeine increases performance in cross-country double-poling time trial exercise.
  40. Endpoint: time-trial completion timecontestedMoved: lowersEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: Fourteen recreational runners capable of running 5 km in under 25 min, completing the caffeine-gum and placebo-gum crossover over two Saturday parkruns (self-paced 5 km, outdoor mass-participation event); habitual caffeine consumers · n = 14 · industry fundedcrossoverdose studied: 300 mg caffeine (three pieces of gum, each analysed at about 92 mg) chewed for 5 min, starting 30 min before the 5 km parkrun, single dose per runEvidence: Very limited · replicated ×5Paper: PMID:384009192024doi 10.1007/s00394-024-03349-3finding · sentence

    The primary statistical analysis using data from the caffeine trials revealed that caffeine gum reduced parkrun finishing time by 17.28 s (95% CI 4.19, 30.37; t (13) = – 2.85, P = 0.01).”

    Quoted verbatim from Caffeine gum improves 5 km running performance in recreational runners completing parkrun events.
  41. Endpoint: maximal oxygen uptakeMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: healthy individualscrossoverdose studied: dose not reported in this findingEvidence: Very limitedPaper: PMID:292149202017doi 10.1177/0260106017723547finding · sentence

    VO2MAX did not change significantly between MITs; however, CAF and PLA increased time to exhaustion (↑ ∼18.7% and ∼17.1%, respectively; p < .05) and WPEAK (↑ ∼13.0% and ∼11.8%, respectively; p < .05) when compared with control.”

    Quoted verbatim from Caffeine effects on VO2max test outcomes investigated by a placebo perceived-as-caffeine design.
  42. Endpoint: body massMoved: lowersEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: Adults in randomized controlled trials of caffeine intake; dose-response meta-analysis pooling 13 RCTs (606 participants total across the review).meta-analysisdose studied: dose not reported in this findingEvidence: Very limitedPaper: PMID:303354792019doi 10.1080/10408398.2018.1507996finding · sentence

    For every doubling in caffeine intake, the mean reduction in weight, BMI, and fat mass increased 2 Beta-fold (20.29 = 1.22, 20.23 = 1.17, and 20.36 = 1.28), which corresponding to 22, 17, and 28 percent, respectively.”

    Quoted verbatim from The effects of caffeine intake on weight loss: a systematic review and dos-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
  43. Endpoint: choice reaction timeMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: 13 physical education students; randomized, counterbalanced, double-blind 4-condition crossover (PLA, NAP, CAF, NAP+CAF)crossoverdose studied: Caffeine 5 mg/kg, single acute dose, ingested in the early evening (~18:00) (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Very limitedPaper: PMID:420862122026doi 10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0217finding · sentence

    No significant effects of CAF, NAP, and CAF + NAP on simple reaction time, choice reaction time, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale were found.”

    Quoted verbatim from Napping, Caffeine, and Their Combination Enhanced Explosivity and Repeated-Sprint Performance: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study.
  44. Endpoint: countermovement jump heightcontestedMoved: raisesEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: females; meta-analysis of caffeine and vertical jumping performance (15 studies, n = 197); countermovement jump testmeta-analysisdose studied: dose not reported in this findingEvidence: Very limited · replicated ×4Paper: PMID:371916182024doi 10.1080/27697061.2023.2212740finding · sentence

    An ergogenic effect of caffeine on jumping performance was found in the countermovement jump test (g: 0.26) and squat jump test (g: 0.35), with no subgroup differences.”

    Quoted verbatim from Moderators of Caffeine's Effects on Jumping Performance in Females: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
  45. Endpoint: countermovement jump heightcontestedMoved: raisesEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: male soccer players; carbohydrate-electrolyte solution given as background in both arms · n = 15crossoverdose studied: caffeine 3.7 mg/kg body mass added to a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution, ingested 1 hr before exercise and every 15 min during a 90-min intermittent shuttle-running protocol (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Very limited · replicated ×4Paper: PMID:206017362010doi 10.1123/ijsnem.20.3.191finding · sentence

    Explosive leg power (CMJ) was improved during CAF (52.9 +/- 5.8 vs. CON 51.7 +/- 5.7 cm, p = .03).”

    Quoted verbatim from The influence of caffeine and carbohydrate coingestion on simulated soccer performance.
  46. Endpoint: fat massMoved: lowersEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: Adults in randomized controlled trials of caffeine intake; dose-response meta-analysis pooling 13 RCTs (606 participants total across the review).meta-analysisdose studied: dose not reported in this findingEvidence: Very limitedPaper: PMID:303354792019doi 10.1080/10408398.2018.1507996finding · sentence

    For every doubling in caffeine intake, the mean reduction in weight, BMI, and fat mass increased 2 Beta-fold (20.29 = 1.22, 20.23 = 1.17, and 20.36 = 1.28), which corresponding to 22, 17, and 28 percent, respectively.”

    Quoted verbatim from The effects of caffeine intake on weight loss: a systematic review and dos-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
  47. Endpoint: isometric peak forceMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: healthy male habitual and nonhabitual caffeine consumers · n = 12RCTdose studied: 6 mg/kg caffeine, ~100 min before testing (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Very limited · replicated ×1Paper: PMID:110533182000doi 10.1152/jappl.2000.89.5.1719finding · sentence

    There was no effect of caffeine on 40-Hz stimulation strength nor was there an effect on maximal voluntary contraction or peak twitch torque.”

    Quoted verbatim from Caffeine potentiates low frequency skeletal muscle force in habitual and nonhabitual caffeine consumers.
  48. Endpoint: mean power outputcontestedMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: 17 well-trained men, sprint cyclistscrossoverdose studied: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 mg/kg body mass caffeine, single dose 1 hour before sprint trials (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Very limited · replicated ×3Paper: PMID:223884912012doi 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31822ba300finding · sentence

    In comparison with placebo, caffeine had no significant effect on peak power (p = 0.11), mean power (p = 0.55), or time to peak power (p = 0.17).”

    Quoted verbatim from Caffeine and sprinting performance: dose responses and efficacy.
  49. Endpoint: mean power outputcontestedMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: Sixteen male collegiate athletes performing 3 sets of 30-s all-out Wingate pedaling exercises at 2-min intervals; abstract-only sourcecrossoverdose studied: 6 mg/kg caffeine in capsules 60 min before exercise (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Very limited · replicated ×3Paper: PMID:400462212025doi 10.52082/jssm.2025.1finding · sentence

    The results showed that caffeine did not significantly affect peak or mean power during sprint interval exercise (peak power: P = 0.196, ηp 2 = 0.11, mean power: P = 0.157, ηp 2 = 0.13; interaction).”

    Quoted verbatim from Caffeine Exerts Neither Ergogenic nor Hypoalgesic Effects on Sprint Interval Exercise with Intensive Exercise-Induced Muscle Pain.
  50. Endpoint: mean power outputcontestedMoved: raisesEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: male cyclists · n = 11crossoverdose studied: 5 mg/kg caffeine capsule (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Very limited · replicated ×5Paper: PMID:153704942004doi 10.1080/02640410310001655741finding · sentence

    The mean power output during the all-out effort was increased following caffeine ingestion compared with placebo (794+/-164 vs 750+/-163 W; P=0.05).”

    Quoted verbatim from Caffeine lowers perceptual response and increases power output during high-intensity cycling.
  51. Endpoint: mean power outputcontestedMoved: raisesEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: 8- to 10-year-old boys; CAF-5 dose (5 mg/kg) vs placebo during a 30-s Wingate test · n = 26crossoverdose studied: 5 mg/kg anhydrous caffeine (CAF-5) in cherry-flavored Sprite, 60 min before testing (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Very limited · replicated ×5Paper: PMID:250511242015doi 10.1123/pes.2014-0032finding · sentence

    Mean power (153 ± 48 vs 146 ± 43 W) was significantly higher in CAF-5 vs PL, respectively.”

    Quoted verbatim from Effects of different doses of caffeine on anaerobic exercise in boys.
  52. Endpoint: mean power outputcontestedMoved: raisesEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: Eighty physically inactive young men randomised to caffeine or placebo supplementation with or without high-intensity interval training; acute 3 mg/kg caffeine versus placebo sessions 45 min before a Wingate power test, pooled across all four groups and all test stagescrossoverdose studied: 3 mg/kg caffeine 45 min before the test (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Very limited · replicated ×5Paper: PMID:399056282025doi 10.1177/19417381251315093finding · sentence

    Pre-exercise ingestion of 3 mg/kg caffeine improved 3-km running time and mean power output (MPO) in all groups at all stages (P < 0.05); this effect was higher in trained than in untrained volunteers (P < 0.05).”

    Quoted verbatim from Habitual Caffeine Consumption and Training Status Affect the Ergogenicity of Acute Caffeine Intake on Exercise Performance.
  53. Endpoint: delayed-onset muscle sorenessMoved: lowersEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: 9 low-caffeine-consuming males, mean age 20 ± 1 years · n = 9crossoverdose studied: dose not reported in this findingEvidence: Very limitedPaper: PMID:241649612013doi 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a99477finding · sentence

    Caffeine ingestion resulted in significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower levels of soreness on day 2 and day 3 compared with placebo.”

    Quoted verbatim from The effect of caffeine ingestion on delayed onset muscle soreness.
  54. Endpoint: muscle strength (pooled across mixed instruments)Moved: raisesEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: Caffeinated chewing gum versus placebo, gum consumed shortly before exercise; overall pooled estimate across the 21 included studies, pooling dynamic and isometric strength tests together rather than either test-type subgroup.meta-analysisdose studied: dose not reported in this findingEvidence: Very limitedPaper: PMID:422288472026doi 10.1519/JSC.0000000000005530finding · sentence

    An ergogenic effect of caffeinated chewing gum was found for muscular strength (SMD = 0.21; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.14-0.27).”

    Quoted verbatim from Fast-Acting Caffeine: Does Caffeinated Chewing Gum Enhance Muscular Strength, Endurance, and Jumping Performance? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
  55. Endpoint: peak power outputcontestedMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: 17 well-trained men, sprint cyclistscrossoverdose studied: 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 mg/kg body mass caffeine, single dose 1 hour before sprint trials (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Very limited · replicated ×2Paper: PMID:223884912012doi 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31822ba300finding · sentence

    In comparison with placebo, caffeine had no significant effect on peak power (p = 0.11), mean power (p = 0.55), or time to peak power (p = 0.17).”

    Quoted verbatim from Caffeine and sprinting performance: dose responses and efficacy.
  56. Endpoint: peak power outputcontestedMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: Sixteen male collegiate athletes performing 3 sets of 30-s all-out Wingate pedaling exercises at 2-min intervals; abstract-only sourcecrossoverdose studied: 6 mg/kg caffeine in capsules 60 min before exercise (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Very limited · replicated ×2Paper: PMID:400462212025doi 10.52082/jssm.2025.1finding · sentence

    The results showed that caffeine did not significantly affect peak or mean power during sprint interval exercise (peak power: P = 0.196, ηp 2 = 0.11, mean power: P = 0.157, ηp 2 = 0.13; interaction).”

    Quoted verbatim from Caffeine Exerts Neither Ergogenic nor Hypoalgesic Effects on Sprint Interval Exercise with Intensive Exercise-Induced Muscle Pain.
  57. Endpoint: peak power outputcontestedMoved: raisesEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: male athletes (24.1±5.8 yr; BMI 26.4±2.2 kg/m2), anaerobic exercise testing (leg press, chest press, 30-s Wingate test) · n = 18RCTdose studied: 5 mg/kg body weight caffeine, single acute dose (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Very limited · replicated ×5Paper: PMID:187086852008doi 10.1123/ijsnem.18.4.412finding · sentence

    During the caffeine trial, more total weight was lifted with the chest press, and a greater peak power was obtained during the Wingate test.”

    Quoted verbatim from The effect of caffeine as an ergogenic aid in anaerobic exercise.
  58. Endpoint: peak power outputcontestedMoved: raisesEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: 8- to 10-year-old boys; CAF-3 dose (3 mg/kg) vs placebo during a 30-s Wingate test · n = 26crossoverdose studied: 3 mg/kg anhydrous caffeine (CAF-3) in cherry-flavored Sprite, 60 min before testing (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Very limited · replicated ×5Paper: PMID:250511242015doi 10.1123/pes.2014-0032finding · sentence

    Absolute and relative peak power (287 ± 72 vs 281 ± 69 W & 8.0 ± 0.9 vs 7.8 ± 1.0 W·kg-1) were significantly higher in CAF-3 vs PL, respectively.”

    Quoted verbatim from Effects of different doses of caffeine on anaerobic exercise in boys.
  59. Endpoint: rating of perceived exertioncontestedMoved: lowersEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: healthy adults aged 70 years or older (15 men, 15 women) · n = 30crossoverdose studied: 6 mg/kg caffeine, single capsule, 1 h before testing (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Very limited · replicated ×4Paper: PMID:160816252005doi 10.1152/japplphysiol.00309.2005finding · sentence

    Caffeine also reduced the rating of perceived exertion after 5 min of cycling by 11% (95% CI: 5-17; P = 0.002) and postural stability with eyes open by 25% (95% CI: 2-53; P = 0.03).”

    Quoted verbatim from Caffeine improves endurance in 75-yr-old citizens: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.
  60. Endpoint: rating of perceived exertioncontestedMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: 9 endurance-trained men and women, cyclistscrossoverdose studied: 5 mg/kg caffeine, single oral dose (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Very limited · replicated ×10Paper: PMID:223484552012doi 10.1016/j.nutres.2011.12.001finding · sentence

    Heart rate during exercise was higher (P b .001) with caffeine vs placebo, although the rating of perceived exertion was similar (P = .65).”

    Quoted verbatim from Increases in cycling performance in response to caffeine ingestion are repeatable.
  61. Endpoint: rating of perceived exertioncontestedMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: mixed-sex subjects (5 female of 17), repeated anaerobic exercise (two 60-s maximal cycling bouts) · n = 17crossoverdose studied: 6 mg/kg caffeine, single dose 90 min before exercise, crossover with placebo and no-treatment control (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Very limited · replicated ×10Paper: PMID:172407842006doi 10.1123/ijsnem.16.5.528finding · sentence

    Caffeine had no significant effect on peak power, work output, RPE, or peak heart rate.”

    Quoted verbatim from Physiological and cognitive responses to caffeine during repeated, high-intensity exercise.
  62. Endpoint: rating of perceived exertioncontestedMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: Ten resistance-trained men habituated to caffeine; rating of perceived exertion after a full-body resistance training session to failurecrossoverdose studied: 3 mg/kg caffeine, single dose before the session; placebo comparator (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Very limited · replicated ×10Paper: PMID:377117182023doi 10.52082/jssm.2023.436finding · sentence

    There were no significant differences between placebo and caffeine conditions in the total number of repetitions (180 ± 15 vs 185 ± 14 repetitions, respectively; p = 0.276; Effect size [ES] = 0.34), the total time under tension (757 ± 71 vs 766 ± 56 s, respectively; p = 0.709; ES = 0.14) or the rating of perceived exertion (13.8 ± 2.7 vs 14.7 ± 2.7 a.u., respectively; p = 0.212; ES = 0.32).”

    Quoted verbatim from The Effect of Acute Caffeine Intake on Resistance Training Volume, Prooxidant-Antioxidant Balance and Muscle Damage Markers Following a Session of Full-Body Resistance Exercise in Resistance-Trained Men Habituated to Caffeine.
  63. Endpoint: rating of perceived exertioncontestedMoved: lowersEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: meta-analysis of caffeine ingestion studies; RPE during constant-load exercise, in comparison to placebometa-analysisdose studied: dose not reported in this findingEvidence: Very limited · replicated ×4Paper: PMID:157738602005doi 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00445.xfinding · sentence

    In comparison to placebo, caffeine reduced RPE during exercise by 5.6% (95% CI (confidence interval), -4.5% to -6.7%), with an equivalent RPE ES of -0.47 (95% CI, -0.35 to -0.59).”

    Quoted verbatim from Effects of caffeine ingestion on rating of perceived exertion during and after exercise: a meta-analysis.
  64. Endpoint: rating of perceived exertioncontestedMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: physically active men, indoor multiple sprint running trial (12 x 30 m, repeated at 35-s intervals) · n = 21RCTdose studied: 5 mg/kg body mass caffeine, single dose 1 h before exercise (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Very limited · replicated ×10Paper: PMID:187999952008doi 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817a8ad2finding · sentence

    In contrast, there was no significant effect of caffeine supplementation on RPE.”

    Quoted verbatim from Caffeine supplementation and multiple sprint running performance.
  65. Endpoint: rating of perceived exertioncontestedMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: male soccer players; carbohydrate-electrolyte solution given as background in both arms · n = 15crossoverdose studied: caffeine 3.7 mg/kg body mass added to a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution, ingested 1 hr before exercise and every 15 min during a 90-min intermittent shuttle-running protocol (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Very limited · replicated ×10Paper: PMID:206017362010doi 10.1123/ijsnem.20.3.191finding · sentence

    There were no significant differences in passing skill, rating of perceived exertion, La, or body-mass losses between trials.”

    Quoted verbatim from The influence of caffeine and carbohydrate coingestion on simulated soccer performance.
  66. Endpoint: rating of perceived exertioncontestedMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: 16 well-trained male cyclistscrossoverdose studied: 3 or 6 mg/kg body mass caffeine, single dose 90 min before exercise (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Very limited · replicated ×10Paper: PMID:221420202012doi 10.1080/02640414.2011.632431finding · sentence

    Caffeine ingestion at either dose resulted in significantly higher heart rate values than the placebo conditions (P < 0.05), but no statistically significant treatment effects in ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were observed (P = 0.39).”

    Quoted verbatim from The effects of different doses of caffeine on endurance cycling time trial performance.
  67. Endpoint: repeated-sprint performance decrementcontestedMoved: raisesEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: physically active men, indoor multiple sprint running trial (12 x 30 m, repeated at 35-s intervals) · n = 21RCTdose studied: 5 mg/kg body mass caffeine, single dose 1 h before exercise (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Very limitedPaper: PMID:187999952008doi 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817a8ad2finding · sentence

    Relative to placebo, caffeine supplementation resulted in a 0.06-s (1.4%) reduction in fastest sprint time (95% likely range = 0.04-0.09 s), which corresponded with a 1.2% increase in fatigue (95% likely range = 0.3-2.2%).”

    Quoted verbatim from Caffeine supplementation and multiple sprint running performance.
  68. Endpoint: repeated-sprint performance decrementcontestedMoved: lowersEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: Fifteen trained male basketball players (top-8 national ranking) performing the running-based anaerobic sprint test, six maximal 35 m sprints with 10 s rest between sprints; caffeinated gum versus placebo gum · n = 15crossoverdose studied: 3 mg/kg caffeine in chewing gum chewed for 10 min, then 15 min rest before testing, single dose per trial (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Very limited · replicated ×1Paper: PMID:387325032024doi 10.3390/nu16091256finding · sentence

    The fatigue index data show a significantly lower value (p = 0.009) for the CAF trial compared to the PL trial, with a large effect size (Cohen’s d = 1.00) and actual power (0.96).”

    Quoted verbatim from Caffeinated Chewing Gum Improves Basketball Shooting Accuracy and Physical Performance Indicators of Trained Basketball Players: A Double-Blind Crossover Trial.
  69. Endpoint: repeated-sprint performance decrementcontestedMoved: lowersEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: Nineteen trained male sprinters; fatigue index from six maximal 35-m sprints with 10 s rest, tested after 10 min of caffeinated or placebo gumcrossoverdose studied: gum containing 3 mg/kg caffeine chewed for 10 min, single dose (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Very limited · replicated ×1Paper: PMID:393908162024doi 10.1080/15502783.2024.2414871finding · sentence

    The fatigue index was significantly lower in the CAF trial compared to the PL trial (CAF: 8.1 ± 2.5%; PL: 9.6 ± 4.8%; p = 0.046, Cohen's d = 039).”

    Quoted verbatim from Acute ingestion of caffeinated chewing gum reduces fatigue index and improves 400-meter performance in trained sprinters: a double-blind crossover trial.
  70. Endpoint: sleep onset latencyMoved: raisesEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: meta-analysis of 24 studies on the effect of caffeine consumption on subsequent night-time sleepmeta-analysisdose studied: dose not reported in this findingEvidence: Very limited · replicated ×1Paper: PMID:368701012023doi 10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101764finding · sentence

    Caffeine consumption reduced total sleep time by 45 min and sleep efficiency by 7%, with an increase in sleep onset latency of 9 min and wake after sleep onset of 12 min.”

    Quoted verbatim from The effect of caffeine on subsequent sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
  71. Endpoint: sleep onset latencyMoved: raisesEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: Healthy adults; acute caffeine versus placebo, nighttime polysomnography. Overall pooled estimate across 22 controlled crossover trials, not an age or dose subgroup. Instrument: polysomnography.meta-analysisdose studied: dose not reported in this findingEvidence: Very limited · replicated ×1Paper: PMID:411249732025doi 10.1016/j.sleep.2025.106874finding · sentence

    Random-effects meta-analysis showed that caffeine significantly reduced total sleep time (mean difference [MD] = -34.67 min), sleep efficiency (MD = -4.74 %), and slow-wave sleep proportions (SWS%) (MD = -1.01 %), while prolonging sleep onset latency (MD = +8.35 min).”

    Quoted verbatim from Age- and dose-specific effects of caffeine on sleep: A meta-analysis of controlled crossover trials.
  72. Endpoint: squat jump heightcontestedMoved: raisesEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: females; meta-analysis of caffeine and vertical jumping performance (15 studies, n = 197); squat jump testmeta-analysisdose studied: dose not reported in this findingEvidence: Very limited · replicated ×1Paper: PMID:371916182024doi 10.1080/27697061.2023.2212740finding · sentence

    An ergogenic effect of caffeine on jumping performance was found in the countermovement jump test (g: 0.26) and squat jump test (g: 0.35), with no subgroup differences.”

    Quoted verbatim from Moderators of Caffeine's Effects on Jumping Performance in Females: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
  73. Endpoint: total sleep timeMoved: lowersEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: meta-analysis of 24 studies on the effect of caffeine consumption on subsequent night-time sleepmeta-analysisdose studied: dose not reported in this findingEvidence: Very limited · replicated ×2Paper: PMID:368701012023doi 10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101764finding · sentence

    Caffeine consumption reduced total sleep time by 45 min and sleep efficiency by 7%, with an increase in sleep onset latency of 9 min and wake after sleep onset of 12 min.”

    Quoted verbatim from The effect of caffeine on subsequent sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
  74. Endpoint: total sleep timeMoved: lowersEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: Healthy adults; acute caffeine versus placebo, nighttime polysomnography. Overall pooled estimate across 22 controlled crossover trials, not an age or dose subgroup. Instrument: polysomnography.meta-analysisdose studied: dose not reported in this findingEvidence: Very limited · replicated ×2Paper: PMID:411249732025doi 10.1016/j.sleep.2025.106874finding · sentence

    Random-effects meta-analysis showed that caffeine significantly reduced total sleep time (mean difference [MD] = -34.67 min), sleep efficiency (MD = -4.74 %), and slow-wave sleep proportions (SWS%) (MD = -1.01 %), while prolonging sleep onset latency (MD = +8.35 min).”

    Quoted verbatim from Age- and dose-specific effects of caffeine on sleep: A meta-analysis of controlled crossover trials.
  75. Endpoint: repeated-sprint performance decrementcontestedMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: male team sport athletes · n = 18crossoverdose studied: 200 mg caffeine via chewing gum, single doseEvidence: InsufficientPaper: PMID:290914702018doi 10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0217finding · sentence

    RSP, assessed by sprint performance decrement (%), did not differ (p = .209; effect size = 0.16; N = 18) between CAF (5.00 ± 2.84%) and PLA (5.43 ± 2.68%).”

    Quoted verbatim from Acute Ingestion of Caffeinated Chewing Gum Improves Repeated Sprint Performance of Team Sport Athletes With Low Habitual Caffeine Consumption.
  76. Endpoint: rating of perceived exertioncontestedMoved: lowersEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: male cyclists · n = 11crossoverdose studied: 5 mg/kg caffeine capsule (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Insufficient · replicated ×4Paper: PMID:153704942004doi 10.1080/02640410310001655741finding · sentence

    Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE; 6-20 Borg scale) were lower in the caffeine trial by approximately 1 RPE point at 30, 60 and 120 s during the constant rate phase of the preloaded test (P <0.05).”

    Quoted verbatim from Caffeine lowers perceptual response and increases power output during high-intensity cycling.
  77. Endpoint: peak power outputcontestedMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: mixed-sex subjects (5 female of 17), repeated anaerobic exercise (two 60-s maximal cycling bouts) · n = 17crossoverdose studied: 6 mg/kg caffeine, single dose 90 min before exercise, crossover with placebo and no-treatment control (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: Insufficient · replicated ×2Paper: PMID:172407842006doi 10.1123/ijsnem.16.5.528finding · sentence

    Caffeine had no significant effect on peak power, work output, RPE, or peak heart rate.”

    Quoted verbatim from Physiological and cognitive responses to caffeine during repeated, high-intensity exercise.
  78. Endpoint: one-repetition maximum strengthcontestedMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: 15 recreationally resistance-trained males · n = 15crossoverdose studied: 1.2% caffeine solution (300 mg; 3.9±0.3 mg/kg) mouth rinse for 10 s before a 1RM bench press test, expectorated rather than swallowed (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: InsufficientPaper: PMID:257857032015doi 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000945finding · sentence

    These results suggest that rinsing with a CHO and CAF solution either independently or combined has no significant effect on maximum strength or muscular endurance performance.”

    Quoted verbatim from Carbohydrate and Caffeine Mouth Rinses Do Not Affect Maximum Strength and Muscular Endurance Performance.
  79. Endpoint: rating of perceived exertioncontestedMoved: lowersEffect as reported: MD −1.21 [−2.13 to −0.3]Who and the dose studied: Fourteen recreational runners capable of running 5 km in under 25 min, rating exertion at the end of each parkrun on the 6-20 Borg scale · n = 14 · industry fundedcrossoverdose studied: 300 mg caffeine (three pieces of gum) chewed for 5 min, starting 30 min before the 5 km parkrun, single dose per runEvidence: Insufficient · replicated ×4Paper: PMID:384009192024doi 10.1007/s00394-024-03349-3finding · sentence

    RPE at the end of each parkrun was significantly lower after caffeine gum than placebo gum (15.43 v 16.64, mean difference – 1.21 95% CI – 0.30, – 2.13; P = 0.01).”

    Quoted verbatim from Caffeine gum improves 5 km running performance in recreational runners completing parkrun events.
  80. Endpoint: time-trial completion timecontestedMoved: no effectnull resultEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: competitive male rowers · n = 10crossoverdose studied: 2, 4, or 6 mg/kg caffeine or placebo, 60 min before a 2000-m rowing time trial (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: InsufficientPaper: PMID:199528222010doi 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181b6668bfinding · sentence

    Time trial performance was not significantly different across the three caffeine doses or placebo (P = 0.249).”

    Quoted verbatim from Dose response of caffeine on 2000-m rowing performance.
  81. Endpoint: time to exhaustioncontestedMoved: raisesEffect as reported: not reportedWho and the dose studied: Male subjects during intermittent high-intensity cycling at 85-90% of maximum workload · n = 8crossoverdose studied: 5 mg/kg caffeine, double-blind, 1 h before exercise (per kilogram of body weight, so not given as an amount per serving)Evidence: InsufficientPaper: PMID:77494241995doi 10.1123/ijsn.5.1.37finding · sentence

    The time to exhaustion was significantly longer during the caffeine trial than during the placebo trial.”

    Quoted verbatim from Effects of caffeine ingestion on exercise-induced changes during high-intensity, intermittent exercise.

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03 · testing

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04 · limits

What this page cannot tell you.

  1. 01

    The graph does not load the Nutrition Facts panel lines (calories, protein, carbohydrate, sugar, fat, cholesterol, and the panel’s own lines under them, such as saturated fat or fiber). Nor does it load an ingredient DSLD files under one of those groups anywhere on the label, a blend’s member among them (a bean protein DSLD groups as protein), so this label may have lines not shown here, and a blend here may have members not shown.

  2. 02

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  3. 03

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  4. 04

    No dose is advised anywhere on Catalyst. A dose beside a finding is the one that study gave.

  5. 05

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Label record: NIH Office of Dietary Supplements · DSLD:17446 · CC0 1.0