Endpoint
Time to exhaustion
CAT:outcome/time-to-exhaustionreported in s8 findings from 7 compounds
What moved it
How to read these marks8 findings · 7 compounds · 3 null · by evidence strength
| Compound | Direction | Findings | Strongest evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| beta-alanine | no effect | 1 | Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers. |
| L-glutamine | no effect | 1 | Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers. |
| Lactiplantibacillus plantarum | up | 1 | Evidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers. |
| L-tyrosine | up | 1 | Evidence strength: limited. Human evidence with several recorded weaknesses, or a design that tops out at limited. |
| nitrate | up | 1 | Evidence strength: limited. Human evidence with several recorded weaknesses, or a design that tops out at limited. |
| caffeine | no effect 1 · up 1 | 2 | Evidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence. |
| astaxanthin | up | 1 | Evidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited. |
Reported to move it
5 findings
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum — increases
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.Finding“After 6 weeks of administration, the exhaustion time in the TWK10‐HK group was significantly increased by 1.24‐fold (p = 0.0028) compared to that in the Control group.”
Quoted verbatim from Effects of heat-killed Lactiplantibacillus plantarum TWK10 on exercise performance, fatigue, and muscle growth in healthy male adults.. - Study
- RCT
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Dose
- 3 × 10^10 heat-killed cells/day (two 1.5 × 10^10 capsules) after meals
- Population
- Healthy untrained males aged 20-40 years; treadmill endurance test at 85% VO2max workload
Effects of heat-killed Lactiplantibacillus plantarum TWK10 on exercise performance, fatigue, and muscle growth in healthy male adults.2023PMID:37816697Industry fundedPermalink
nitrate — increases
LimitedEvidence strength: limited. Human evidence with several recorded weaknesses, or a design that tops out at limited.Finding“Median submaximal constant work rate exercise time was 28.8 sec longer (p = 0.031) following NO3− ingestion.”
Quoted verbatim from Dietary nitrate supplementation improves exercise performance and decreases blood pressure in COPD patients.. - Study
- crossover
- Dose
- 7.58 mmol NO3- as two 70 mL beetroot juice bottles, single dose 2.5 h before testing
- Population
- 15 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; single-blind crossover of nitrate-rich beetroot juice versus prune juice placebo, exercise 2.5 h after drinking; cycle ergometer at 75% of maximal work rate, time to symptom limitation
Dietary nitrate supplementation improves exercise performance and decreases blood pressure in COPD patients.2015PMID:25445634Permalink
L-tyrosine — increases
LimitedEvidence strength: limited. Human evidence with several recorded weaknesses, or a design that tops out at limited.Finding“Time to exhaustion in the TYR-MF condition (459.9 ± 199.6 s) was higher when compared to the PLA-MF experimental condition (398.7 ± 222.1 s) (p = 0.008).”
Quoted verbatim from Effects of L-Tyrosine Ingestion on Endurance Performance in Mentally Fatigued Cyclists.. - Study
- crossover
- Dose
- 300 mg/kg single ingestion before test
- Population
- Recreational cyclists made mentally fatigued by a 60-min Stroop task in both conditions; constant-workload cycling at 80% of maximal endurance power output
Effects of L-Tyrosine Ingestion on Endurance Performance in Mentally Fatigued Cyclists.2026PMID:41818465Permalink
astaxanthin — increases
InsufficientEvidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited.Finding“The elapsed time until exhaustion of forced-swimming activity was 29% higher in ASTA-fed animals (48.2 ± 14.1 min) than in control (37.4 ± 4.0 min), as shown by boxplots in Figure 2.”
Quoted verbatim from Astaxanthin supplementation delays physical exhaustion and prevents redox imbalances in plasma and soleus muscles of Wistar rats.. - Study
- animal · not in humans
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Dose
- 1 mg ASTA/kg body weight for 45 days
- Population
- Wistar rats swimming to exhaustion with an additional load of 5% body weight, after 45 days of supplementation
Astaxanthin supplementation delays physical exhaustion and prevents redox imbalances in plasma and soleus muscles of Wistar rats.2014PMID:25514562Industry fundedPermalink
caffeine — increases
InsufficientEvidence strength: insufficient. Mechanistic inference, no evidence found, or evidence weakened below very limited.Finding“The time to exhaustion was significantly longer during the caffeine trial than during the placebo trial.”
Quoted verbatim from Effects of caffeine ingestion on exercise-induced changes during high-intensity, intermittent exercise.. - Study
- crossover
- Participants
- 8
- Dose
- 5 mg/kg caffeine, double-blind, 1 h before exercise
- Population
- Male subjects during intermittent high-intensity cycling at 85-90% of maximum workload
Effects of caffeine ingestion on exercise-induced changes during high-intensity, intermittent exercise.1995PMID:7749424Permalink
Measured, no effect detected
3 findings
L-glutamine — no detected effect on
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.FindingNull result“There were no statistical differences regarding time to exhaustion between Hypoxia group (27.6 ± 5.46), Hypoxia + Carbohydrate group (29.2 ± 6.49), and Hypoxia + Glutamine group (23.66 ± 4.95).”
Quoted verbatim from Effects of Carbohydrate and Glutamine Supplementation on Oral Mucosa Immunity after Strenuous Exercise at High Altitude: A Double-Blind Randomized Trial.. - Study
- crossover
- Duration
- 6 days
- Dose
- 20 g/day glutamine for six days before the test day, plus 8% maltodextrin 200 mL every 20 min during exercise and recovery on test day
- Population
- physically active healthy male volunteers running at 70% VO2peak on a treadmill under simulated altitude (4500 m); comparator (Hypoxia + Carbohydrate) also received the same carbohydrate supplementation as the glutamine arm
Effects of Carbohydrate and Glutamine Supplementation on Oral Mucosa Immunity after Strenuous Exercise at High Altitude: A Double-Blind Randomized Trial.2017PMID:28671626Permalink
beta-alanine — no detected effect on
ModerateEvidence strength: moderate. Human evidence with one recorded weakness, or capped at moderate by its design or by unread numbers.FindingNull result“Figure 6 shows that BA supplementation generated a small and non-significant effect for time on the TTE test (SMD, 0.25; 95% CI −0.01–0.51; p = 0.06).”
Quoted verbatim from Effects of Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Physical Performance in Aerobic-Anaerobic Transition Zones: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.. - Study
- meta-analysis
- Population
- Healthy adults in 11 limited-time test comparisons (60-100% VO2max, e.g. treadmill at 90% VO2max), acute or chronic supplementation versus placebo
Effect 0.25 standardised mean difference, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.51
Effects of Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Physical Performance in Aerobic-Anaerobic Transition Zones: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.2020PMID:32824885Permalink
caffeine — no detected effect on
Very limitedEvidence strength: very limited. Human evidence with major recorded weaknesses, or non-human, uncontrolled or unverified evidence.FindingNull result“Time to exhaustion was not significantly influenced by CAF supplementation or menstrual cycle phase (p > 0.05).”
Quoted verbatim from Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Neuromuscular Performance Across Menstrual Cycle Phases in Eumenorrheic Female Athletes: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial.. - Study
- RCT
- Participants
- 12
- Dose
- 400 mg caffeine ingested one hour before the testing session
- Population
- Trained eumenorrheic female athletes with regular menstrual cycles, tested in early follicular, late follicular and mid-luteal phases
Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Neuromuscular Performance Across Menstrual Cycle Phases in Eumenorrheic Female Athletes: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial.2026PMID:42196972Permalink
How it is measured
Duration sustained at a fixed submaximal workload until volitional failure. Workload and modality recorded with each finding.
Measured, not recorded
- Subject
- time to exhaustion
- Measurements
- 8 measurements
- Recorded as a finding
- No
Show what was measured
time to exhaustion
no effect
There were no statistical differences regarding time to exhaustion between Hypoxia group (27.6 ± 5.46), Hypoxia + Carbohydrate group (29.2 ± 6.49), and Hypoxia + Glutamine group (23.66 ± 4.95)
PMID:28671626 · one of two readings recorded this
time to exhaustion
increases, MD 25.27 s (95% CI 12.69 to 37.84)
Nitrates increased the time to exhaustion compared to placebo (MD 25.27 s, 95% CI [12.69, 37.84], P < 0.00001, I2 = 38%, low-quality evidence).
PMID:34243756 · one of two readings recorded this
Time to Exhaustion
n = 15
(min) | AX | 15 | 14.96 ± 3.82 | |
PMID:39568140 · one of two readings recorded this
Time to Exhaustion
no effect, p = 0.862, n = 15
Time to Exhaustion | PLA | 15 | 14.72 ± 3.74 | 0.862 | 0.001
PMID:39568140 · one of two readings recorded this
time to exhaustion
increases, n = 27
the βA group increased TTE by 6.5% compared to 1.4% in the PL group (d = 0.46)
PMID:40528157 · one of two readings recorded this
time to exhaustion
increases
the βA group increased TTE by 6.5% compared to 1.4% in the PL group (d = 0.46)
PMID:40528157 · one of two readings recorded this
time to exhaustion
increases
the βA group increased TTE by 6.5% compared to 1.4% in the PL group (d = 0.46)
PMID:40528157 · one of two readings recorded this
time to exhaustion
increases, p = 0.008, n = 12
Time to exhaustion in the TYR-MF condition (459.9 ± 199.6 s) was higher when compared to the PLA-MF experimental condition (398.7 ± 222.1 s) (p = 0.008)
PMID:41818465 · one of two readings recorded this
Sources cited
8 papers
- Subject
- time to exhaustion
- Findings
- 8
- Papers
- 8
Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Neuromuscular Performance Across Menstrual Cycle Phases in Eumenorrheic Female Athletes: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial.record2026PMID:421969721 finding
Effects of L-Tyrosine Ingestion on Endurance Performance in Mentally Fatigued Cyclists.record2026PMID:418184651 finding
Effects of heat-killed Lactiplantibacillus plantarum TWK10 on exercise performance, fatigue, and muscle growth in healthy male adults.record2023PMID:378166971 finding
Effects of Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Physical Performance in Aerobic-Anaerobic Transition Zones: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.record2020PMID:328248851 finding
Effects of Carbohydrate and Glutamine Supplementation on Oral Mucosa Immunity after Strenuous Exercise at High Altitude: A Double-Blind Randomized Trial.record2017PMID:286716261 finding
Dietary nitrate supplementation improves exercise performance and decreases blood pressure in COPD patients.record2015PMID:254456341 finding
Astaxanthin supplementation delays physical exhaustion and prevents redox imbalances in plasma and soleus muscles of Wistar rats.record2014PMID:255145621 finding
Effects of caffeine ingestion on exercise-induced changes during high-intensity, intermittent exercise.record1995PMID:77494241 finding