4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate

Three steps

• octadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. Acetylation of Leucine
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 15 routes

• prostaglandin F2alphaReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. prostaglandin F2alpha(out) + glutarate(in) = prostaglandin F2alpha(in) + glutarate(out)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC22A6, SLC22A8inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• D-alanineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of alanine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, SLC7A10extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• sarcosineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of glycine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. sarcosine + O2 + H2O = formaldehyde + glycine + H2O2

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, PIPOXextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolateReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of glycine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-serine

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, SHMT1, SHMT2extracellular space, cytosol

• 2-(N(omega)-L-arginino)succinateReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of arginine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2-(Nomega-L-arginino)succinate arginine-lyase (fumarate-forming)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC3A2, SLC7A6, SLC7A7 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 6 routes

• 4-guanidinobutanoateReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of arginine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC3A2, SLC7A6, SLC7A7 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• L-dopaReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of leucine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-dopa(out) + L-phenylalanine(in) = L-dopa(in) + L-phenylalanine(out)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, SLC7A8extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMPReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. L-leucine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-leucine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  3. IMP:L-aspartate ligase (GDP-forming)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A13, ADSS2, ADSS1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3-guanidinopropanoateReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of arginine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. beta-alanine + L-arginine = 3-guanidinopropanoate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC3A2, SLC7A6, SLC7A7 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• L-histidineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of leucine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-histidine(in) + L-phenylalanine(out) = L-histidine(out) + L-phenylalanine(in)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, SLC7A8extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 7 routes

• D-ornithineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of leucine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-ornithine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-ornithine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A6, SLC25A2extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• an N-acylglycineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of glycine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. an acyl-CoA + glycine = an N-acylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, GLYATL3, GLYAT and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoateReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of cysteine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Cysteine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A9, SLC3A1, GOT2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. L-leucine + glyoxylate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + glycine
  2. glyoxylate + L-alanine = glycine + pyruvate
  3. (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by AADAT, AGXT, AGXT2

• guanidinoacetateReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of glycine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, GATMextracellular space, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• 3',5'-cyclic GMPReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  3. 3',5'-cyclic GMP(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = 3',5'-cyclic GMP(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC22A8, SLC22A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. Acetylation of Leucine
  3. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by AADAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• D-threonineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of alanine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, SLC7A10extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• spermidineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. Acetylation of Leucine
  3. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SAT1, SAT2mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)
  3. dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate(out) + glutarate(in) = dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate(in) + glutarate(out)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC22A6, SLC22A24, SLC22A8inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-dopaquinoneReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of leucine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Tyrosine,L-dopa:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, TYRextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• glutathioneReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of glycine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, GSSextracellular space, cytosol

• L-threonineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of alanine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, SLC7A10extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 9 routes

• L-saccharopineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of leucine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N6-(L-1,3-Dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A6, AASSextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• beta-alanineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of alanine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. beta-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = beta-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, SLC7A10extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 6 routes

• leukotriene C4Reach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of glycine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. leukotriene C4 hydrolysis

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5extracellular space, cytosol

• taurocyamineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of arginine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. taurine + L-arginine = taurocyamine + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC3A2, SLC7A6, SLC7A7 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• L-glutamate 5-semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of leucine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-ornithine + 2-oxoglutarate = L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A6, OATextracellular space, cytosol

• N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. L-leucine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-leucine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  3. N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + L-aspartate + H(+)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A13, AGAinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of alanine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, KYNUextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L,L-cystathionineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. Acetylation of Leucine
  3. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cystathionine)

  Catalysed by AADAT, NAGSmitochondrial matrix

• 3',5'-cyclic AMPReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. kynurenate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = kynurenate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)
  3. 3',5'-cyclic AMP(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = 3',5'-cyclic AMP(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC22A8, SLC22A6inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of cysteine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-glutamate:L-cysteine gamma-ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A9, SLC3A1, GCLC and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 6-amino-2-oxohexanoateReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of leucine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-lysine:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A6extracellular space, cytosol, peroxisome

• L-homocysteineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of leucine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5, BHMT2extracellular space, cytosol

• carbamoyl phosphateReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of glutamine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. HCO3-:L-glutamine amido-ligase (ADP-forming, carbamate-phosphorylating)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, CADextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• S-methyl-L-methionineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of leucine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5, BHMT2extracellular space, cytosol

• glutathione disulfideReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Leucine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. cystine to cysteine conversion

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A9, SLC3A1extracellular space, cytosol

• L-tyrosineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of glycine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tyrosine + glyoxylate = 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + glycine

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5extracellular space, cytosolOne of 6 routes

• N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of glycine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + glyoxylate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, AGXT2extracellular space, cytosolOne of 15 routes

• an acyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. Acetylation of Leucine
  3. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by AADAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• trans-4-hydroxy-L-prolineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of alanine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A5, SLC1A4extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• histamineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of histidine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A6, HDCextracellular space, cytosol

• L-2-aminopentanoateReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. Transport of L-Kynurenine
  3. 2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = L-2-aminopentanoate + kynurenate + H2O

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC43A1extracellular space, cytosol

• (2S)-2-[5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido]succinateReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. L-leucine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-leucine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  3. 1-(5-Phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-carboxyimidazole:L-aspartate ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A13, PAICSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-2-aminohexanoateReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. Transport of L-Kynurenine
  3. 2-oxohexanoate + L-kynurenine = L-2-aminohexanoate + kynurenate + H2O

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC43A1extracellular space, cytosol

• 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of arginine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-arginine + O2 + H2O = 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC3A2, SLC7A6, SLC7A7 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• (3Z)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. Acetylation of Leucine
  3. acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-oxomyrist-5-enoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by AADAT, HADHA, ACAA2, HADHBmitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• S-sulfanyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-leucine + H2O
  2. transport of cysteine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2 L-cysteine = S-sulfanyl-L-cysteine + L-alanine

  Catalysed by AADAT, SLC7A9, SLC3A1, CARS2extracellular space, cytosol