epsilon-(gamma-L-glutamyl)-L-lysine

Three steps

• di-mu-sulfido-diiron(2+)Reach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. transport of cysteine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC7A6, NDUFAB1, FDXR and 5 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. transport of isoleucine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-isoleucine + 2-oxoglutarate = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC7A6, BCAT2, BCAT1cytosol, extracellular space

• D-cysteineReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. transport of alanine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-cysteine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-cysteine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC7A6, SLC7A10cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• D-serineReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. transport of alanine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC7A6, SLC7A10cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 10 routes

• 5-aminolevulinateReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. transport of glycine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. succinyl-CoA + glycine + H(+) = 5-aminolevulinate + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC7A6, ALAS1, ALAS2cytosol, extracellular space

• 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acidReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. transport of isoleucine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC7A6, BCAT1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvateReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. transport of lysine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC7A6, GOT2, GOT1 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• glycochenodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. transport of glycine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA + glycine = glycochenodeoxycholate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC7A6, BAATcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• taurocholateReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-glutamyl)-L-lysine = 5-oxo-L-proline + L-lysine
  2. glutathione = L-cysteinylglycine + 5-oxo-L-proline
  3. taurocholate(in) + glutathione(in) + ATP + H2O = taurocholate(out) + glutathione(out) + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GGACT, CHAC2, CHAC1, ABCC4inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• glycochenodeoxycholic acidReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. transport of glycine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC7A6, BAATcytosol, extracellular space, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• glyoxylateReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. transport of glycine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC7A6, AADATcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 11 routes

• glycolithocholic acidReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. transport of glycine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (glycine)

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC7A6, BAATcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• L-2-amino-3-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. transport of glycine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Acetyl-CoA:glycine C-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC7A6, GCATcytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• tert-butanolReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-glutamyl)-L-lysine = 5-oxo-L-proline + L-lysine
  2. glutathione = L-cysteinylglycine + 5-oxo-L-proline
  3. tert-butyl hydroperoxide + 2 glutathione = tert-butanol + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by GGACT, CHAC2, CHAC1, CLIC2 and 4 more

• gamma-Glu-AlaReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. transport of alanine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC7A6, GGT1, GGT5 and 4 morecytosol, extracellular space

• S(8)-aminomethyldihydrolipoamideReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. transport of glycine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase ([protein]-N6-(lipoyl)lysine)

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC7A6, GLDC, GCSHcytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• taurineReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. transport of chloride and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Neurotransmitter:Sodium Symporter (Nss) Tcdb:2.A.22.3.3

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC6A14, SLC6A6cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• (R)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. Acetylation of Lysine
  3. aldehyde dehydrogenase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)

  Catalysed by GGACT, ALDH6A1cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (S)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. Acetylation of Lysine
  3. (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by GGACTcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 3'-dephospho-CoAReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. Acetylation of Lysine
  3. acid phosphatase 2, lysosomal (CoA)

  Catalysed by GGACT, ACP2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, lysosomeOne of 2 routes

• (2E)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. Acetylation of Lysine
  3. (2E)-dodecenoyl-CoA formation

  Catalysed by GGACTcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 4,8,12-trimethyltridecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. Acetylation of Lysine
  3. propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-ketopristanoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by GGACT, ACAA1, MYO5Bcytosol, mitochondrial matrix, peroxisomeOne of 2 routes

• (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. Acetylation of Lysine
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (gamma-linolenate)

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• butanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. Acetylation of Lysine
  3. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by GGACT, ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 9 routes

• dodecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. Acetylation of Lysine
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 9 routes

• glutaryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. Acetylation of Lysine
  3. Production of Glutaryl Carnitine

  Catalysed by GGACT, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• eicosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. Acetylation of Lysine
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 12 routes

• itaconyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. Acetylation of Lysine
  3. Itaconate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming)

  Catalysed by GGACT, SUCLG1, SUCLG2, SUCLA2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. Acetylation of Lysine
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 13 routes

• tetradecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. Acetylation of Lysine
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 11 routes

• octanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. Acetylation of Lysine
  3. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase

  Catalysed by GGACT, CROTcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 20 routes

• phytanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. Acetylation of Lysine
  3. phytanate-CoA ligase

  Catalysed by GGACTcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• octadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. Acetylation of Lysine
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 15 routes

• (15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-glutamyl)-L-lysine = 5-oxo-L-proline + L-lysine
  2. glutathione = L-cysteinylglycine + 5-oxo-L-proline
  3. (15S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoate + 2 glutathione = (15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoate + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by GGACT, CHAC2, CHAC1, GPX1 and 2 more

• D-alanineReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. transport of alanine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC7A6, SLC7A10cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• sarcosineReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. transport of glycine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. sarcosine + O2 + H2O = formaldehyde + glycine + H2O2

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC7A6, PIPOXcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolateReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. transport of glycine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-serine

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC7A6, SHMT1, SHMT2cytosol, extracellular space

• 2-(N(omega)-L-arginino)succinateReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. transport of arginine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2-(Nomega-L-arginino)succinate arginine-lyase (fumarate-forming)

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• (R)-S-lactoylglutathioneReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-glutamyl)-L-lysine = 5-oxo-L-proline + L-lysine
  2. glutathione = L-cysteinylglycine + 5-oxo-L-proline
  3. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione = methylglyoxal + glutathione

  Catalysed by GGACT, CHAC2, CHAC1, GLO1

• 4-guanidinobutanoateReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. transport of arginine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• L-dopaReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. transport of lysine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-dopa(out) + L-phenylalanine(in) = L-dopa(in) + L-phenylalanine(out)

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC7A6, SLC7A8cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• biotinReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-glutamyl)-L-lysine = 5-oxo-L-proline + L-lysine
  2. biocytin + H2O = biotin + L-lysine
  3. Biotinidase (Biotin), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by GGACT, BTDmitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• 3-guanidinopropanoateReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. transport of arginine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. beta-alanine + L-arginine = 3-guanidinopropanoate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• L-histidineReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. transport of arginine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-histidine(out) + L-arginine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-histidine(in) + L-arginine(out) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 7 routes

• D-ornithineReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. transport of lysine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-ornithine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-ornithine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC7A5, SLC7A6, SLC25A2cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• an N-acylglycineReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. transport of glycine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. an acyl-CoA + glycine = an N-acylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC7A6, GLYATL3, GLYAT and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoateReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. transport of cysteine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Cysteine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC7A6, GOT2, GOT1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• S-formylglutathioneReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-glutamyl)-L-lysine = 5-oxo-L-proline + L-lysine
  2. glutathione = L-cysteinylglycine + 5-oxo-L-proline
  3. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)

  Catalysed by GGACT, CHAC2, CHAC1, ESD

• guanidinoacetateReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. transport of arginine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase

  Catalysed by GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. epsilon-(gamma-L-Glutamyl)-L-lysine[c] = 5-oxoproline[c] + lysine[c]
  2. Acetylation of Lysine
  3. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by GGACT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes