CHEBI:30249

Three steps

• alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Formylkynurenine hydrolase
  2. transport of alanine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-glutamine:D-fructose-6-phosphate isomerase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC3A2, SLC7A5, SLC7A10 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• thioredoxin dithiolReach from here →
  1. Formylkynurenine hydrolase
  2. L-Alanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. glycyl-tRNA(gly) phosphorylation

  Catalysed by KYNU, AARS1cytosolOne of 2 routes

• sulfateReach from here →
  1. arylformamidase (L-formylkynurenine)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AFMID, SLC26A4, SLC26A6cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• ureaReach from here →
  1. Formylkynurenine hydrolase
  2. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Arginine amidinohydrolase

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A6, ARG1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoic acidReach from here →
  1. arylformamidase (L-formylkynurenine)
  2. transport of formate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by AFMID, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 11-cis-retinolReach from here →
  1. Formylkynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by KYNU, DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• cob(II)alaminReach from here →
  1. Formylkynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 2 cob(II)alamin + A + 2 H2O + 2 H(+) = 2 aquacob(III)alamin + AH2

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, MTRRcytosol

• iodideReach from here →
  1. arylformamidase (L-formylkynurenine)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride and iodide (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AFMID, SLC26A4cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 25 routes

• oxaloacetateReach from here →
  1. arylformamidase (L-formylkynurenine)
  2. transport of formate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by AFMID, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrixOne of 9 routes

• nitric oxideReach from here →
  1. Formylkynurenine hydrolase
  2. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Arginine, NADPH:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (Nitric-Oxide-Forming)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A6, NOS3, NOS1 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• selaneReach from here →
  1. Formylkynurenine hydrolase
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SCLYcytosolOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:16523Reach from here →
  1. arylformamidase (L-formylkynurenine)
  2. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  3. transport of D-serine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AFMID, KYAT3, AADAT, SLC3A2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithineReach from here →
  1. arylformamidase (L-formylkynurenine)
  2. transport of acetate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N2-Acetyl-L-ornithine amidohydrolase

  Catalysed by AFMID, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A1 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 2-phenylacetamideReach from here →
  1. arylformamidase (L-formylkynurenine)
  2. Transport of L-Kynurenine
  3. L-phenylalanine:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by AFMID, SLC7A8, EPXcytosol, extracellular space

• D-alanyl-D-alanineReach from here →
  1. Formylkynurenine hydrolase
  2. alanine racemase
  3. Formation of Alanylalanine

  Catalysed by KYNUcytosol

• Met-tRNA(Met)Reach from here →
  1. arylformamidase (L-formylkynurenine)
  2. 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-methionine + H2O
  3. L-Methionine:tRNAMet ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by AFMID, AADAT, MARS1cytosol

• (S)-lactateReach from here →
  1. arylformamidase (L-formylkynurenine)
  2. transport of formate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by AFMID, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7 and 7 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-CTPReach from here →
  1. Formylkynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. CTP + AH2 + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-CTP + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + A + H2O + H(+)

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, RSAD2cytosol

• pyridoxineReach from here →
  1. Formylkynurenine hydrolase
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. pyridoxine-5'-phosphate phosphohydrolase

  Catalysed by KYNU, SCLY, PHOSPHO2, PDXPcytosolOne of 2 routes

• 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. arylformamidase (L-formylkynurenine)
  2. 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-methionine + H2O
  3. glyoxylate + L-methionine = 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by AFMID, AADATcytosol

• N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. arylformamidase (L-formylkynurenine)
  2. Transport of L-Kynurenine
  3. (S)-lactate + L-phenylalanine = N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanine + H2O

  Catalysed by AFMID, SLC7A8, CNDP2cytosol, extracellular space

• 2-oxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. arylformamidase (L-formylkynurenine)
  2. transport of 2-hydroxybutyrate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2-hydroxybutyrate:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by AFMID, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7 and 5 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 7 routes

• tryptamineReach from here →
  1. arylformamidase (L-formylkynurenine)
  2. indole-3-pyruvate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-tryptophan + H2O
  3. L-tryptophan decarboxy-lyase

  Catalysed by AFMID, AADAT, DDCcytosol

• 2-oxoglutaramateReach from here →
  1. arylformamidase (L-formylkynurenine)
  2. transport of formate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by AFMID, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• (S)-2-hydroxyglutarateReach from here →
  1. Formylkynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + A = 2-oxoglutarate + AH2

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, L2HGDHcytosol

• 3-fumarylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. arylformamidase (L-formylkynurenine)
  2. transport of formate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 3-fumarylpyruvate + H2O = fumarate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by AFMID, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• CHEBI:16856Reach from here →
  1. arylformamidase (L-formylkynurenine)
  2. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  3. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by AFMID, KYAT3, AADAT, GSScytosolOne of 3 routes

• glyoxylic acidReach from here →
  1. arylformamidase (L-formylkynurenine)
  2. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  3. glycine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by AFMID, KYAT3, AADAT, DAOcytosol, peroxisome

• trans-1,2-dithiane-4,5-diolReach from here →
  1. Formylkynurenine hydrolase
  2. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)
  3. selenocysteine lyase (dithiothreitol)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SCLYcytosol

• ferrocytochrome cReach from here →
  1. arylformamidase (L-formylkynurenine)
  2. transport of formate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (S)-Lactate:ferricytochrome-c 2-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by AFMID, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 4 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• N-acetyl-L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. Formylkynurenine hydrolase
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by KYNU, AGXT2, NAT8Lcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• oxalic acidReach from here →
  1. arylformamidase (L-formylkynurenine)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride and oxalate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AFMID, SLC26A4, SLC26A6cytosol, extracellular space

• 3-hydroxypyruvateReach from here →
  1. arylformamidase (L-formylkynurenine)
  2. transport of formate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-serine + pyruvate = 3-hydroxypyruvate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by AFMID, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• L-glutamic 5-semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. Formylkynurenine hydrolase
  2. transport of alanine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Ornithine:2-oxo-acid aminotransferase

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A6, OATcytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• 17alpha-hydroxyprogesteroneReach from here →
  1. arylformamidase (L-formylkynurenine)
  2. transport of acetate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone)

  Catalysed by AFMID, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A1 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space, endoplasmic reticulum

• anilineReach from here →
  1. Formylkynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Acetyl-CoA:arylamine N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by KYNU, NAT2, NAT1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• aceneuramateReach from here →
  1. arylformamidase (L-formylkynurenine)
  2. transport of formate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. aceneuramate = aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate

  Catalysed by AFMID, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• CHEBI:17312Reach from here →
  1. Formylkynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. N1,N12-diacetylspermine to N1-acetylspermine conversion

  Catalysed by KYNUcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 5'-deoxyadenosineReach from here →
  1. arylformamidase (L-formylkynurenine)
  2. transport of formate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O

  Catalysed by AFMID, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A7 and 4 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylateReach from here →
  1. Formylkynurenine hydrolase
  2. transport of alanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-proline:(acceptor) oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A5, PRODH2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• agmatineReach from here →
  1. Formylkynurenine hydrolase
  2. transport of alanine and arginine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-arginine carboxy-lyase (agmatine-forming)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A6cytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• 5-aminolevulinic acidReach from here →
  1. arylformamidase (L-formylkynurenine)
  2. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  3. succinyl-CoA:glycine C-succinyltransferase (decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by AFMID, KYAT3, AADAT, ALAS1 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• indole-3-pyruvateReach from here →
  1. arylformamidase (L-formylkynurenine)
  2. indole-3-pyruvate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-tryptophan + H2O
  3. L-tryptophan + O2 + H2O = indole-3-pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by AFMID, AADAT, IL4I1cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine sulfateReach from here →
  1. Formylkynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine sulfate + iodide + A + H(+) = L-thyroxine sulfate + AH2

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, DIO1cytosol

• 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. Formylkynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine + AH2

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, DIO1, DIO3cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine sulfateReach from here →
  1. Formylkynurenine hydrolase
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine sulfate + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine sulfate + AH2

  Catalysed by KYNU, MOCOS, DIO1cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Formylkynurenine hydrolase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C18:3->C16:3), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by KYNU, HADHA, ACADVL, HADHBcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• glycine betaineReach from here →
  1. arylformamidase (L-formylkynurenine)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AFMID, SLC26A4, SLC6A12cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• 4-methylumbelliferyl acetateReach from here →
  1. arylformamidase (L-formylkynurenine)
  2. transport of acetate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate + H2O = 4-methylumbelliferone + acetate + H(+)

  Catalysed by AFMID, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A1 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• trans-urocanateReach from here →
  1. Formylkynurenine hydrolase
  2. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-histidine ammonia-lyase (urocanate-forming)

  Catalysed by KYNU, SLC7A6, HALcytosol, extracellular space