(S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate

Three steps

• beta-D-fructose 1-phosphateReach from here →
  1. L-proline + a quinone = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + a quinol + H(+)
  2. a quinone + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate = dihydroxyacetone phosphate + a quinol
  3. beta-D-fructose 1-phosphate = D-glyceraldehyde + dihydroxyacetone phosphate

  Catalysed by PRODH, PRODH2, GPD2, ALDOB

• N-hexadecanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. hexadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• N-dodecanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. dodecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-dodecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• N-decanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. decanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-decanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• N-octanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. octanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-octanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• D-histidineReach from here →
  1. aldehyde dehydrogenase (1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate)
  2. L-Ornithine:2-oxo-acid aminotransferase
  3. D-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = D-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)

  Catalysed by ALDH4A1, OAT, SLC25A2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-homoarginineReach from here →
  1. aldehyde dehydrogenase (1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate)
  2. L-Ornithine:2-oxo-acid aminotransferase
  3. L-homoarginine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = L-homoarginine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by ALDH4A1, OAT, SLC25A2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• L-homocarnosineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of histidine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Formation of homocarnosine

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A6, CARNS1cytosol, extracellular space

• N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamideReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamine + glycine + ATP = N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• L-cystine-bis-glycineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• glycyldehydrophenylalanineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glycyldehydrophenylalanine + H2O = 2,3-didehydrophenylalanine + glycine

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 2-formamido-N(1)-(5-O-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)acetamidineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glutamine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + L-glutamine + ATP + H2O = 2-formamido-N(1)-(5-O-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)acetamidine + L-glutamate + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, PFAScytosol, extracellular space

• kinetensinReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of phenylalanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Chymase

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, CMA1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• an N-(fatty acyl)-glycineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. a fatty acyl-CoA + glycine = an N-(fatty acyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• N-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-glycineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• acetaldehydeReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of proline and threonine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-threonine acetaldehyde-lyase (glycine-forming)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2cytosol, extracellular space

• cholineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. Transport of L-Proline by the Apical Imino Amino Acid Transporters
  3. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, CLTRN, SLC6A20 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• pyruvateReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of alanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, AGXT2cytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrixOne of 16 routes

• 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterinReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of proline and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase(5-hydroxylating)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, ABCA1, SLC7A5 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:15570Reach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of alanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. alanine racemase

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• (S)-malateReach from here →
  1. L-proline + a quinone = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + a quinol + H(+)
  2. a quinone + succinate = fumarate + a quinol
  3. (S)-malate hydro-lyase (fumarate-forming)

  Catalysed by PRODH, PRODH2, SDHB, FHcytosolOne of 5 routes

• CHEBI:15611Reach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glycine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:glycine N-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterinReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of proline and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tryptophan + O2 = 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, ABCA1, SLC7A5 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• trimethylenediamineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of lysine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. deoxyhypusine synthase (1,3-diaminopropane)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A6, DHPScytosol, extracellular space

• CHEBI:15727Reach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of histidine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A6, CARNS1cytosol, extracellular space

• CHEBI:15765Reach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of proline and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Tyrosine,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, THcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• N-carbamoyl-L-aspartic acidReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. Aspartate Intake by System Asct-1 Transporter
  3. carbamoyl-phosphate:L-aspartate carbamoyltransferase

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, CADcytosol, extracellular space

• alpha-D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glutamine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-glutamine:D-fructose-6-phosphate isomerase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, GFPT2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• dihydroxyacetoneReach from here →
  1. L-proline + a quinone = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + a quinol + H(+)
  2. a quinone + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate = dihydroxyacetone phosphate + a quinol
  3. dihydroxyacetone + ATP = dihydroxyacetone phosphate + ADP + H(+)

  Catalysed by PRODH, PRODH2, GPD2, TKFC

• NMN zwitterionReach from here →
  1. L-proline + a quinone = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + a quinol + H(+)
  2. 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide + a quinone + H(+) = beta-nicotinamide D-riboside + a quinol
  3. ribosylnicotinamide kinase (nicotinamide ribonucleoside)

  Catalysed by PRODH, PRODH2, NQO2, NMRK2 and 1 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• sulfateReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. Transport of L-Proline by the Apical Imino Amino Acid Transporters
  3. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, CLTRN, SLC6A20 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• ureaReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of arginine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Arginine amidinohydrolase

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A6, ARG1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• L-cystineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of alanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC7A9 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 9 routes

• (R)-3-aminoisobutyric acidReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of alanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, AGXT2cytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• iodideReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of proline and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. thyroid peroxidase (iodine)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, TPOcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• ubiquinonesReach from here →
  1. L-proline + a quinone = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + a quinol + H(+)
  2. a quinone + succinate = fumarate + a quinol
  3. succinate:quinone oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by PRODH, PRODH2, SDHB, SDHD and 2 moremitochondrial matrix

• oxaloacetateReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. Aspartate Intake by System Asct-1 Transporter
  3. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, GOT2cytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrixOne of 6 routes

• nitric oxideReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of arginine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Arginine, NADPH:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (Nitric-Oxide-Forming)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A6, NOS3 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:16523Reach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glutamine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of D-serine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SLC3A2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithineReach from here →
  1. aldehyde dehydrogenase (1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate)
  2. L-Ornithine:2-oxo-acid aminotransferase
  3. N2-Acetyl-L-ornithine amidohydrolase

  Catalysed by ALDH4A1, OAT, ACY1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 2-phenylacetamideReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of phenylalanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-phenylalanine:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, EPXcytosol, extracellular space

• CHEBI:16633Reach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of alanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, SCLYcytosol, extracellular space

• Met-tRNA(Met)Reach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of methionine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Methionine:tRNAMet ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, MARS1cytosol, extracellular space

• 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of methionine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glyoxylate + L-methionine = 4-methylsulfanyl-2-oxobutanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, AADATcytosol, extracellular space

• N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of phenylalanine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (S)-lactate + L-phenylalanine = N-[(S)-lactoyl]-L-phenylalanine + H2O

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, CNDP2cytosol, extracellular space

• 2-oxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of proline and threonine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-threonine ammonia-lyase (2-oxobutanoate-forming)

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SDS, SDSLcytosol, extracellular space

• tryptamineReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of proline and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan decarboxy-lyase

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, ABCA1, SLC7A5 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 2-oxoglutaramateReach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of glutamine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5, KYAT1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• 3-fumarylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. L-proline + a quinone = (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + a quinol + H(+)
  2. a quinone + succinate = fumarate + a quinol
  3. 3-fumarylpyruvate + H2O = fumarate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by PRODH, PRODH2, SDHB, FAHD1

• CHEBI:16856Reach from here →
  1. L-Proline:NADP+ 5-oxidoreductase
  2. transport of cysteine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. cystine to cysteine conversion

  Catalysed by PYCR3, PYCR2, SLC7A5cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes