glyoxylic acid

Three steps

• glutarateReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. glycocholate(out) + glutarate(in) = glycocholate(in) + glutarate(out)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, BAAT, SLC22A24mitochondrial matrix, peroxisome, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 7 routes

• 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acidReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. Pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. D-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, PC, GOT2mitochondrial matrix

• (2R,3R)-tartrateReach from here →
  1. Glyoxylate:oxygen oxidoreductase
  2. transport of oxalate and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (2R,3R)-tartrate(in) + sulfate(out) = (2R,3R)-tartrate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by HAO1, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30peroxisome, extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (S,S)-tartrateReach from here →
  1. Glyoxylate:oxygen oxidoreductase
  2. transport of oxalate and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (S,S)-tartrate(in) + sulfate(out) = (S,S)-tartrate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by HAO1, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30peroxisome, extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (3R)-citramalateReach from here →
  1. Glyoxylate:oxygen oxidoreductase
  2. transport of oxalate and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (3R)-citramalate(in) + sulfate(out) = (3R)-citramalate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by HAO1, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30peroxisome, extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (3S)-citramalateReach from here →
  1. Glyoxylate:oxygen oxidoreductase
  2. transport of oxalate and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (3S)-citramalate(in) + sulfate(out) = (3S)-citramalate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by HAO1, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30peroxisome, extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• docosan-1-olReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (behenic acid)
  3. docosanoyl-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H(+) = docosan-1-ol + 2 NADP(+) + CoA

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• hexacosanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cerotic acid)
  3. Hexacosanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• tetracosanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lignocerate)
  3. Tetracosenoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• an N-acylsphinganineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. sphingosine N-acyltransferase (sphinganine)

  Catalysed by CLYBL, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 7 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus, cytosol

• octadecan-1-olReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. octadecanoyl-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H(+) = octadecan-1-ol + 2 NADP(+) + CoA

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• eicosanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)
  3. Eicosanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 8 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• (9Z)-hexadecenoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by CLYBL, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1Bmitochondrial matrix, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 8 routes

• (15Z)-tetracosenoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (nervonic acid)
  3. (15Z)-tetracosenoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GSSmitochondrial matrix, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 7 routes

• (11Z)-eicosenoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cis-gondoic acid)
  3. (11Z)-eicosenoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 8 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• L-lysineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
  3. L-ornithine(out) + L-lysine(in) = L-ornithine(in) + L-lysine(out)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GATM, SLC25A2 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 7 routes

• D-lysineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
  3. D-lysine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-lysine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GATM, SLC25A2mitochondrial matrix, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• putrescineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
  3. L-ornithine carboxy-lyase (putrescine-forming)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GATM, ODC1mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 7 routes

• D-arginineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
  3. D-arginine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-arginine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GATM, SLC25A2mitochondrial matrix, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of glycine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Methionine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC7A5, IL4I1mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol

• di-mu-sulfido-diiron(2+)Reach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 8 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol

• serotoninReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of glycine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-isoleucine + 2-oxoglutarate = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC7A5, BCAT2 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol

• 2-oxohexanoateReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine
  3. 2-oxohexanoate + N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine = L-2-aminohexanoate + 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2mitochondrial matrix

• D-cysteineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of alanine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-cysteine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-cysteine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• an acylcholineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  3. an acylcholine + H2O = a carboxylate + choline + H(+)

  Catalysed by CLYBL, CHAT, BCHEmitochondrial matrix, nucleus

• fatty acidReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (elaidate)
  3. (10Z)-heptadecenoic acid formation

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• L-alpha-aminobutyric acidReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  3. glutamic-pyruvic transaminase ((S)-2-aminobutanoate)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GPTmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acidReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of glycine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC7A5, BCAT1mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• chenodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. Propanoyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase
  3. chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CLYBL, ACAA1, SCP2, MYO5B and 3 moremitochondrial matrix, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvateReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of glycine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC7A5, GOT2 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 7 routes

• taurocholateReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. solute carrier organic anion transporter (GSH)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 8 routes

• taurodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. cholate-CoA ligase (3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanate)
  3. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SLC27A2, SLC27A5, BAATmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• cholesteryl hexadecanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. Acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• a 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. Acyl-CoA:1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by CLYBL, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus, cytosol

• CHEBI:36882Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. Itaconate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming)
  3. (3S)-citramalyl-CoA hydro-lyase (itaconyl-CoA-forming)

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SUCLG1, SUCLG2, SUCLA2 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix

• 3-hydroxyisovaleric acidReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. (3-Hydroxyisovalerylcoa->3-Hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine)
  3. Formation of 3-Hydroxy-Isovalerate

  Catalysed by CLYBL, CPT1A, CPT1Bmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. phytanate-CoA ligase
  3. peroxisomal acyl-CoA thioesterase

  Catalysed by CLYBL, ACOT2mitochondrial matrix, cytosol, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• sphingosine 1-phosphateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. ATP:sphingosine 1-phosphotransferase

  Catalysed by CLYBL, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• cholesteryl (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)
  3. Acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 2 routes

• (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, HMGCL, HMGCLL1mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 13-cis-retinolReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. 11-cis-retinol = 13-cis-retinol

  Catalysed by CLYBL, DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1 and 3 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 13-cis-retinalReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. retinal dehydrogenase (13-cis-retinal)

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• spermineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  3. S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine + spermidine = spermine + S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + H(+)

  Catalysed by CLYBL, SAT1, SAT2, SMSmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• tert-butanolReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. tert-butyl hydroperoxide + 2 glutathione = tert-butanol + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, GSS, CLIC2 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix

• cholesteryl (9Z-octadecenoate)Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. Transport of octadecenoyl-CoA into Mitochondrial Matrix
  3. Acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by CLYBL, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H2O = sphing-4-enine + acetate

  Catalysed by AGXT, AGXT2, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• a 1,3-diacylglycerolReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 1-acylglycerol + an acyl-CoA = a 1,3-diacylglycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by CLYBL, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 3 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus

• a 1,2-diacylglycerolReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA[m] + glyoxalate[m] + H2O[m] = CoA[m] + H+[m] + malate[m]
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 2-acylglycerol + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacylglycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by CLYBL, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes