L-cystine-bis-glycine

Three steps

• N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of glycine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-phenylalanine + (9Z)-octadecenoate = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-L-phenylalanine + H2O

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A5, PM20D1extracellular space, cytosol

• N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of glycine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + L-phenylalanine = N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-L-phenylalanine + H2O

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A5, PM20D1extracellular space, cytosol

• N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-L-leucineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Leucine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-L-leucine + H2O = L-leucine + (9Z)-octadecenoate

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A9, SLC3A1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• acetoacetateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, CTHcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• (13R)-S-glutathionyl-(14S)-hydroxy-(4Z,7Z,9E,11E,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. (13S,14S)-epoxy-(4Z,7Z,9E,11E,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoate + glutathione = (13R)-S-glutathionyl-(14S)-hydroxy-(4Z,7Z,9E,11E,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoate

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSS, GSTM4 and 1 more

• S-methyl glutathioneReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. apo-[alkylcobalamin reductase] + methylcob(III)alamin + glutathione = S-methyl glutathione + cob(I)alamin-[alkylcobalamin reductase] + H(+)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSS, MMACHC

• N-octanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. N-octanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = octanamide + glyoxylate

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, AADAT, PAMOne of 2 routes

• N-decanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. N-decanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = decanamide + glyoxylate

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, AADAT, PAMOne of 2 routes

• N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. N-dodecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = dodecanamide + glyoxylate

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, AADAT, PAMOne of 2 routes

• N-tetradecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. N-tetradecanoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = tetradecamide + glyoxylate

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, AADAT, PAMOne of 2 routes

• N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-(2S)-hydroxyglycineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = (9Z)-octadecenamide + glyoxylate

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, AADAT, PAMOne of 2 routes

• N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine = (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienamide + glyoxylate

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, AADAT, PAM

• D-histidineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
  3. D-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = D-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GATM, SLC25A2cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-homoarginineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-arginine(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-arginine(out)
  3. L-homoarginine(in) + L-arginine(out) = L-homoarginine(out) + L-arginine(in)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A9, SLC25A29inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• L-homocarnosineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Formation of homocarnosine

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A6, CARNS1extracellular space, cytosol

• 2,3-didehydrophenylalanineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. glycyldehydrophenylalanine + H2O = 2,3-didehydrophenylalanine + glycine
  3. glycyldehydrophenylalanine + H2O = 2,3-didehydrophenylalanine + glycine

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2

• S-adenosylglutathioneReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. apo-[alkylcobalamin reductase] + adenosylcob(III)alamin + glutathione = S-adenosylglutathione + cob(I)alamin-[alkylcobalamin reductase] + H(+)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSS, MMACHC

• N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamideReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. 5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamine + glycine + ATP = N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + (6R)-10-formyltetrahydrofolate = N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + H(+)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GART

• 2-formamido-N(1)-(5-O-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)acetamidineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of glutamine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + L-glutamine + ATP + H2O = 2-formamido-N(1)-(5-O-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)acetamidine + L-glutamate + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A5, PFASextracellular space, cytosol

• kinetensinReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Leucine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. Chymase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A9, SLC3A1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• (7Z)-octadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase ((7Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, CPT1A and 2 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• acetaldehydeReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of glycine and threonine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-threonine acetaldehyde-lyase (glycine-forming)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:15345Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. Acetoacetate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, AACSperoxisome, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• cholineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, CHATperoxisome, nucleusOne of 2 routes

• acetylcholineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of acetylcholine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• acetylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. acetylpyruvate + H2O = acetate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, CTH, FAHD1cytosol

• all-trans-retinoic acidReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, CTH, SLC16A4 and 5 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterinReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of glycine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase(5-hydroxylating)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A5, TPH1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:15380Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. 5-aminolevulinate synthase (2-amino-3-oxoadipate)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, ALAS1 and 1 moreperoxisome, mitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes

• CHEBI:15477Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, GLYAT and 2 moreperoxisome, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 2-methylcrotonoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. Production of Tiglylcarnitine

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, CPT1A and 1 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• isobutyryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-oxo-4-methyl-pentanoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, HADHA and 2 moreperoxisome, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 3-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. glycine-N-acyltransferase (3-methylcrotonoylglycine)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, GLYATperoxisome, mitochondrial matrix

• isovaleryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. glycine N-acyltransferase (isovalerylglycine)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, GLYAT and 2 moreperoxisome, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• arachidonoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. Arachidonate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, SLC27A2 and 7 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 11 routes

• CHEBI:15519Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, ACAA1 and 2 moreperoxisomeOne of 2 routes

• palmitoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, SLC27A2 and 7 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 11 routes

• oleoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. Transport of octadecenoyl-CoA into Mitochondrial Matrix

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, CPT1A and 2 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 11 routes

• phenylacetyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. Phenylacetate:CoA ligase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAATperoxisome, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• propionyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, ACSS3 and 2 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 43 routes

• (S)-malateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, CTH, ME2cytosolOne of 4 routes

• 15(S)-HPETEReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GPX5, GPX1 and 7 morecytosol

• (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-serine
  3. (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-serine

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SHMT1, SHMT2One of 2 routes

• 10-formyltetrahydrofolic acidReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase
  3. Formate:tetrahydrofolate ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SHMT1, MTHFD1cytosolOne of 3 routes

• 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acidReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase
  3. histamine N-methyltransferase (SAM)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SHMT1, HNMTcytosol

• (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterinReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of glycine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tryptophan + O2 = 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A5, TPH1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:15650Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. N-acetyl-LTE4 to leukotriene E4 conversion

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, ZDHHC11B and 31 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 6 routes

• trimethylenediamineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of glycine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. deoxyhypusine synthase (1,3-diaminopropane)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A6, DHPSextracellular space, cytosol

• CHEBI:15727Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10, NatA catalytic subunit (acetylcarnosine)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, NAA10peroxisome, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:15746Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermine)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, SAT1 and 1 moreperoxisome, cytosolOne of 2 routes