putrescine

Three steps

• N-acetyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, NAGScytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• K(+)Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. K(+)(in) + L-cysteine(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-cysteine(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, NAGS, SLC1A1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• Cys-tRNA(Cys)Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. L-Cysteine:tRNA(Cys) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, NAGS, CARS1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• Phe-tRNA(Phe)Reach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Phenylalanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, FARSB and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• Gly-tRNA(Gly)Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. glycine:tRNA(Gly) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• Trp-tRNA(Trp)Reach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Tryptophan -tRNA(Trp) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, WARS1extracellular space, cytosol

• Ile-tRNA(Ile)Reach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Isoleucine:tRNA(Ile) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, IARS1extracellular space, cytosol

• Gln-tRNA(Gln)Reach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Glutamine:tRNA(Gln) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, QARS1extracellular space, cytosol

• isocyanateReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. L-Arginine, NADPH:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (Nitric-Oxide-Forming)
  3. L-citrulline + H(+) = isocyanate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, NOS3, NOS1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• Asn-tRNA(Asn)Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-asparagine)
  3. L-Asparagine:tRNA(Asn) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, NAGS, NARS1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  3. phosphocholine + H2O = choline + phosphate

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CHAT, PHOSPHO1cytosol, nucleusOne of 2 routes

• glycocholateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase
  3. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ACAA1, SCP2 and 2 morecytosol, peroxisomeOne of 5 routes

• cholateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase
  3. choloyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ACAA1, SCP2 and 2 morecytosol, peroxisomeOne of 2 routes

• hydrogen sulfideReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, NAGS, CTHcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, AGXT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 27 routes

• (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + H2O = (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 10 morecytosol

• CHEBI:30249Reach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, IDO1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• formic acidReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylputrescine + H2O = putrescine + acetate
  3. transport of acetate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, HDAC10, SLC16A4 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• propionic acidReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. Propanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ACSS3, ACSS2 and 2 morecytosolOne of 5 routes

• citric acidReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. ATP citrate lyase (citrate)
  3. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ACLY, CScytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• butyric acidReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. Butyryl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ACSM4, ACSM1 and 5 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• malonic acidReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Malonate Transport, Antiport with Chloride

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. Myristoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 11 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• (9Z)-octadecenoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CPT1A, CPT1C and 1 morecytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 3 routes

• adipic acidReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Activation of adipic acid for Formation of Adipoyl Carnitine
  3. Thioesterification of adipoyl-CoA for Release into Cytosol

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ACOT8cytosol, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• glutarateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Production of Glutaryl Carnitine
  3. glutaryl-CoA + H2O = glutarate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CPT1A, CPT1C and 3 morecytosolOne of 5 routes

• 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acidReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. ATP citrate lyase (citrate)
  3. D-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ACLY, GOT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• docosan-1-olReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (behenic acid)
  3. docosanoyl-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H(+) = docosan-1-ol + 2 NADP(+) + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosol

• hexacosanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cerotic acid)
  3. Hexacosanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 8 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• tetracosanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lignocerate)
  3. Tetracosenoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 8 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• an N-acylsphinganineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. sphingosine N-acyltransferase (sphinganine)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 8 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• octadecan-1-olReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. octadecanoyl-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H(+) = octadecan-1-ol + 2 NADP(+) + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosol

• eicosanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)
  3. Eicosanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 9 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• (9Z)-hexadecenoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CPT1A, CPT1C and 1 morecytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 8 routes

• (15Z)-tetracosenoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (nervonic acid)
  3. (15Z)-tetracosenoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 8 morecytosol

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CPT1A, CPT1C and 1 morecytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 4 routes

• (11Z)-eicosenoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cis-gondoic acid)
  3. (11Z)-eicosenoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 9 morecytosol

• 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetylmethionine)
  3. L-Methionine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, NAGS, IL4I1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• di-mu-sulfido-diiron(2+)Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, NAGS, NDUFAB1 and 6 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-isoleucine + 2-oxoglutarate = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, BCAT2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• D-cysteineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. D-cysteine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-cysteine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC7A10cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• D-serineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC7A10cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 10 routes

• an acylcholineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  3. an acylcholine + H2O = a carboxylate + choline + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CHAT, BCHEcytosol, nucleus

• fatty acidReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (elaidate)
  3. (10Z)-heptadecenoic acid formation

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• 5-aminolevulinateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. succinyl-CoA + glycine + H(+) = 5-aminolevulinate + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acidReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, BCAT1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• chenodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. Propanoyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase
  3. chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ACAA1, SCP2 and 4 morecytosol, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvateReach from here →
  1. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter
  2. transport of arginine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC3A2, SLC7A7, SLC7A6, GOT2 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• glycochenodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA + glycine = glycochenodeoxycholate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• taurocholateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:putrescine N-acetyltransferase
  2. propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase
  3. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ACAA1, SCP2 and 2 morecytosol, peroxisomeOne of 5 routes