(S)-carnitine

Three steps

• folic acidReach from here →
  1. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Folate Transport by Oats

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC22A8, SLC22A7extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• phenylacetylglycineReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. phenylacetyl-CoA:glycine N-phenylacetyltransferase

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, GLYAT and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 6 routes

• decanoateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)
  3. Decanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, ACSM4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acidReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (DHA)
  3. (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, SLC27A2 and 9 morecytosolOne of 14 routes

• 5-hydroxytryptophanReach from here →
  1. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  2. Transport of L-Tryptophan by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-Tryptophan, Tetrahydrobiopterin:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (5-Hydroxylating)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, TPH1, TPH2extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 5(S)-HETEReach from here →
  1. Utilized Transport
  2. Arachidonate:oxygen 5-oxidoreductase
  3. Glutathione: 5-HPETE oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by ALOX5, GPX5, GPX1, GPX2 and 6 moreendoplasmic reticulum, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• hexacosan-1-olReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cerotic acid)
  3. hexacosanoyl-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H(+) = hexacosan-1-ol + 2 NADP(+) + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, SLC27A2 and 8 morecytosol

• CHEBI:28666Reach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. N-acetyl-LTE4 to leukotriene E4 conversion
  3. LTD4 hydrolysis

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, ZDHHC11B and 31 morecytosolOne of 6 routes

• O-decanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)
  3. decanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-decanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, ACSM4 and 7 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• pyridoxine 5'-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, SCLYcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• N-acetyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, NAGScytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• a dicarboxylateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A35, SLC25A34extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• K(+)Reach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. K(+)(in) + L-cysteine(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-cysteine(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, NAGS and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• Ca(2+)Reach from here →
  1. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  2. transport of chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of Ca2+ and K+ (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC12A2, SLC12A1, SLC24A1 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• Cys-tRNA(Cys)Reach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. L-Cysteine:tRNA(Cys) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, NAGS and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• Phe-tRNA(Phe)Reach from here →
  1. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  2. Transport of L-Phenylalanine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-Phenylalanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, FARSB, FARSAextracellular space, cytosol

• Gly-tRNA(Gly)Reach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. glycine:tRNA(Gly) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, GLYAT and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• Trp-tRNA(Trp)Reach from here →
  1. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  2. Transport of L-Tryptophan by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-Tryptophan -tRNA(Trp) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, WARS1extracellular space, cytosol

• Ile-tRNA(Ile)Reach from here →
  1. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  2. transport of chloride and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Isoleucine:tRNA(Ile) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, IARS1extracellular space, cytosol

• Gln-tRNA(Gln)Reach from here →
  1. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  2. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-Glutamine:tRNA(Gln) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, QARS1extracellular space, cytosol

• hypoioditeReach from here →
  1. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  2. transport of chloride and iodide (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. iodide + H2O2 = hypoiodite + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A4, MPO, LPOextracellular space, cytosol

• Asn-tRNA(Asn)Reach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-asparagine)
  3. L-Asparagine:tRNA(Asn) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, NAGS and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  3. phosphocholine + H2O = choline + phosphate

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, CHAT and 1 morecytosol, nucleusOne of 2 routes

• glycocholateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase
  3. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, ACAA1 and 3 morecytosol, peroxisomeOne of 9 routes

• cholateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase
  3. choloyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, ACAA1 and 3 morecytosol, peroxisomeOne of 6 routes

• hydrogen sulfideReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, NAGS and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• D-aspartateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-aspartate(in) + sulfate(out) = D-aspartate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, AGXT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 27 routes

• acetateReach from here →
  1. transport of butyryl-CoA and L-carnitine (cytosol to mitochondria)
  2. Butyryl-CoA hydrolase
  3. transport of acetate and butyrate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC33A1, ESCO2, OXSM, ACOT12 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + H2O = (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, SLC27A2 and 11 morecytosol

• CHEBI:30249Reach from here →
  1. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  2. Transport of L-Tryptophan by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, IDO1, TDO2, IDO2extracellular space, cytosol

• 3-acetamidopropanalReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. N1,N12-diacetylspermine to N1-acetylspermine conversion
  3. N1-acetylspermine:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-acetamidopropanal-forming)

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, PAOX and 1 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• oxalateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. oxalate(in) + sulfate(out) = oxalate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC26A2 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• citric acidReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. ATP citrate lyase (citrate)
  3. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, ACLY and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• maleateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. maleate(in) + sulfate(out) = maleate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. Myristoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, SLC27A2 and 12 morecytosolOne of 14 routes

• adipic acidReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. Activation of adipic acid for Formation of Adipoyl Carnitine
  3. Thioesterification of adipoyl-CoA for Release into Cytosol

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, ACOT8cytosol, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• isocitric acidReach from here →
  1. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  2. transport of chloride and oxalate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Mitochondrial Carrier (Mc) Tcdb:2.A.29.7.2

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A1extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• glutarateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. Production of Glutaryl Carnitine
  3. glutaryl-CoA + H2O = glutarate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, ACOT8 and 1 morecytosolOne of 7 routes

• 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acidReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. ATP citrate lyase (citrate)
  3. D-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, ACLY and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (2R,3R)-tartrateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (2R,3R)-tartrate(in) + sulfate(out) = (2R,3R)-tartrate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (S,S)-tartrateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (S,S)-tartrate(in) + sulfate(out) = (S,S)-tartrate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (3R)-citramalateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (3R)-citramalate(in) + sulfate(out) = (3R)-citramalate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (3S)-citramalateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (3S)-citramalate(in) + sulfate(out) = (3S)-citramalate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A14, SLC25A30extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• docosan-1-olReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (behenic acid)
  3. docosanoyl-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H(+) = docosan-1-ol + 2 NADP(+) + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, SLC27A2 and 8 morecytosol

• hexacosanoateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cerotic acid)
  3. Hexacosanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, SLC27A2 and 9 morecytosolOne of 14 routes

• tetracosanoateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lignocerate)
  3. Tetracosenoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, SLC27A2 and 9 morecytosolOne of 16 routes

• an N-acylsphinganineReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. sphingosine N-acyltransferase (sphinganine)

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, ASAH1 and 9 morecytosol, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• octadecan-1-olReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. octadecanoyl-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2 H(+) = octadecan-1-ol + 2 NADP(+) + CoA

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, SLC27A2 and 8 morecytosol

• eicosanoateReach from here →
  1. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)
  3. Eicosanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B, SLC27A2 and 10 morecytosolOne of 16 routes