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Reach

phosphoenolpyruvate

362,296 routes · scope human · up to 3 steps · built 5 October 2026 · Reactions · API

Inferred

Every route here is a hypothesis drawn from reference reactions (Rhea and Human-GEM), not a finding. Currency species such as water, ATP and NAD(H) never form a step. Evidence key

307 compounds within 3 steps: 6 in 1, 53 in 2, 248 in 3

Does it reach a compound?

Two steps

L-methionineReach from here →
1. pyruvate + ATP = phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + H(+)
2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, TYW1B, TYW1
L-alanineReach from here →
1. pyruvate + ATP = phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + H(+)
2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, AGXT2mitochondrial matrixOne of 18 routes
(2R)-3-phosphoglycerateReach from here →
1. (2R)-2-phosphoglycerate = phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O
2. D-phosphoglycerate 2,3-phosphomutase
Catalysed by ENO4, ENO1, ENO2, ENO3 and 4 morecytosolOne of 2 routes
(3S)-citramalyl-CoAReach from here →
1. pyruvate + ATP = phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + H(+)
2. (3S)-citramalyl-CoA = pyruvate + acetyl-CoA
Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, CLYBL
5-amino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
1. pyruvate + ATP = phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + H(+)
2. L-ornithine + pyruvate = 5-amino-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine
Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, AGXT2
(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarateReach from here →
1. pyruvate + ATP = phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + H(+)
2. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, HOGA1
(4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarateReach from here →
1. pyruvate + ATP = phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + H(+)
2. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, HOGA1
beta-citrylglutamateReach from here →
1. phosphoenolpyruvate(in) + citrate(out) = phosphoenolpyruvate(out) + citrate(in)
2. citrate + L-glutamate + ATP = beta-citrylglutamate + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
Catalysed by SLC25A1, RIMKLBinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane
2-(1-hydroxyethyl)thiamine diphosphateReach from here →
1. pyruvate + ATP = phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + H(+)
2. pyruvate:thiamin diphosphate acetaldehydetransferase (decarboxylating)
Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, PDHA1, PDHB and 1 moremitochondrial matrix

Three steps

(S)-3-hydroxybutanoateReach from here →
Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, ADHFE1mitochondrial matrix, cytosol
(S)-carnitineReach from here →
Catalysed by PCK1 and 2 more

Page 2 of 7

, PCK2

, CS

, CPT1A

mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

One of 244 routes

N(omega)-methyl-L-arginineReach from here →

pyruvate + ATP = phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + H(+)
(R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3-methylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, AGXT2mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoateReach from here →

pyruvate + ATP = phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + H(+)
(R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine
3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate + NAD(+) = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + NADH + H(+)

Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, AGXT2, HIBADH

prostaglandin E3Reach from here →

pyruvate + ATP = phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + H(+)
(S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Transport of Prostaglandin E3, Lactate Antiport

Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, LDHB, LDHAL6Bmitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

prostaglandin A2Reach from here →

pyruvate + ATP = phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + H(+)
(S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Transport of Prostaglandin A2, Lactate Antiport

Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, LDHB, LDHAL6Bmitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

prostaglandin J2Reach from here →

pyruvate + ATP = phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + H(+)
(S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Transport of Prostaglandin J2, Lactate Antiport

Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, LDHB, LDHAL6Bmitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

15-oxoprostaglandin F2alphaReach from here →

pyruvate + ATP = phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + H(+)
(S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Transport of 15-Keto-Prostaglandin F2A, Lactate Antiport

Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, LDHB, LDHAL6Bmitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

all-trans-4-hydroxyretinoateReach from here →

pyruvate + ATP = phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + H(+)
transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
cytochrome P450 (retinoate)

Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

N-acetylcadaverineReach from here →

pyruvate + ATP = phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + H(+)
transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
N-acetylcadaverine + H2O = cadaverine + acetate

Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosol

all-trans-retinoyl-1-O-(beta-D-glucuronate)Reach from here →

pyruvate + ATP = phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + H(+)
transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
glucuronosyltransferase (retinoate)

Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 7 moreextracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

all-trans-18-hydroxyretinoateReach from here →

pyruvate + ATP = phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + H(+)
transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)
unspecific monooxygenase (retinoate)

Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 29 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

a phenyl acetateReach from here →

pyruvate + ATP = phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + H(+)
transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
a phenyl acetate + H2O = a phenol + acetate + H(+)

Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 6 moreextracellular space, cytosol

(7Z)-octadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →

oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2
acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase ((7Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA)

Catalysed by PCK1, PCK2, CS, CPT1A and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

CHEBI:15345Reach from here →

oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2
acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
Acetoacetate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

Catalysed by PCK1, PCK2, CS, AACSmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 5 routes

acetoneReach from here →

pyruvate + ATP = phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + H(+)
transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)
Acetoacetate carboxy-lyase (acetone-forming)

Catalysed by PKM, PKLRmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

cholineReach from here →

oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2
acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase

Catalysed by PCK1, PCK2, CS, CHATmitochondrial matrix, nucleus

CHEBI:15380Reach from here →

oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2
acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
5-aminolevulinate synthase (2-amino-3-oxoadipate)

Catalysed by PCK1, PCK2, CS, ALAS1 and 1 moremitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes

CHEBI:15477Reach from here →

oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2
acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)

Catalysed by PCK1, PCK2, CS, GLYAT and 2 moremitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

2-methylcrotonoyl-CoAReach from here →

oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2
acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
Production of Tiglylcarnitine

Catalysed by PCK1, PCK2, CS, CPT1A and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

isobutyryl-CoAReach from here →

oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2
acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-oxo-4-methyl-pentanoyl-CoA)

Catalysed by PCK1, PCK2, CS, HADHA and 2 moremitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

3-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoAReach from here →

oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2
acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
glycine-N-acyltransferase (3-methylcrotonoylglycine)

Catalysed by PCK1, PCK2, CS, GLYATmitochondrial matrix

isovaleryl-CoAReach from here →

oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2
acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
glycine N-acyltransferase (isovalerylglycine)

Catalysed by PCK1, PCK2, CS, GLYAT and 2 moremitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

arachidonoyl-CoAReach from here →

oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2
acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
Arachidonate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

Catalysed by PCK1, PCK2, CS, SLC27A2 and 7 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 11 routes

CHEBI:15519Reach from here →

oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2
acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase

Catalysed by PCK1, PCK2, CS, ACAA1 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, peroxisomeOne of 2 routes

palmitoyl-CoAReach from here →

oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2
acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

Catalysed by PCK1, PCK2, CS, SLC27A2 and 7 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 11 routes

oleoyl-CoAReach from here →

oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2
acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
Transport of octadecenoyl-CoA into Mitochondrial Matrix

Catalysed by PCK1, PCK2, CS, CPT1A and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 11 routes

phenylacetyl-CoAReach from here →

oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2
acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
Phenylacetate:CoA ligase

Catalysed by PCK1, PCK2, CSmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

propionyl-CoAReach from here →

oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2
acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

Catalysed by PCK1, PCK2, CS, ACSS3 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 48 routes

CHEBI:15570Reach from here →

pyruvate + ATP = phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + H(+)
(R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
alanine racemase

Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, AGXT2mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

L-leucineReach from here →

oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2
L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
L-leucine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-leucine(in) + L-aspartate(out)

Catalysed by PCK1, PCK2, GOT2, SLC7A13mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 12 routes

10-formyltetrahydrofolic acidReach from here →

pyruvate + ATP = phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + H(+)
transport of formate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
Formate:tetrahydrofolate ligase (ADP-forming)

Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 4 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

CHEBI:15650Reach from here →

oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2
acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
N-acetyl-LTE4 to leukotriene E4 conversion

Catalysed by PCK1, PCK2, CS, ZDHHC11B and 31 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

CHEBI:15699Reach from here →

pyruvate + ATP = phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + H(+)
(R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
transport of alanine and homoserine (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, AGXT2, SLC7A5mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 6 routes

CHEBI:15727Reach from here →

oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2
acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10, NatA catalytic subunit (acetylcarnosine)

Catalysed by PCK1, PCK2, CS, NAA10mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

CHEBI:15746Reach from here →

oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2
acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermine)

Catalysed by PCK1, PCK2, CS, SAT1 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

malonateReach from here →

oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2
transport of malate and OAA (cytosol to mitochondria)
malonate(out) + (S)-malate(in) = malonate(in) + (S)-malate(out)

Catalysed by PCK1, PCK2, SLC25A10mitochondrial matrix, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

N-carbamoyl-L-aspartic acidReach from here →

oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2
L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
carbamoyl-phosphate:L-aspartate carbamoyltransferase

Catalysed by PCK1, PCK2, GOT2, CADmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

CHEBI:15971Reach from here →

pyruvate + ATP = phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + H(+)
(R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)

Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, AGXT2, SLC7A6mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

CHEBI:16174Reach from here →

pyruvate + ATP = phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + H(+)
pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
nucleoside-diphosphate kinase (dADP)

Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, NME4, NME6 and 4 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

sulfateReach from here →

oxaloacetate + GTP = phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2
L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
L-aspartate(in) + sulfate(out) = L-aspartate(out) + sulfate(in)

Catalysed by PCK1, PCK2, GOT2, SLC25A14 and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 9 routes