glutathione disulfide

Three steps

• N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycineReach from here →
  1. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  2. L-dehydroascorbate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + L-ascorbate
  3. N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoylglycine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = N-(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-(2S)-hydroxyglycine + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O

  Catalysed by GSR, CLIC1, GSTO1, GSTO2 and 1 more

• L-homoarginineReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-arginine(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-arginine(out)
  3. L-homoarginine(in) + L-arginine(out) = L-homoarginine(out) + L-arginine(in)

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC25A29cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• an S-substituted L-cysteinylglycineReach from here →
  1. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  2. RX + glutathione = an S-substituted glutathione + a halide anion + H(+)
  3. an S-substituted glutathione + H2O = an S-substituted L-cysteinylglycine + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by GSR, GSTT4, GSTA4, GSTZ1 and 25 more

• (5S)-hydroperoxy-(12S)-hydroxy-(6E,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  2. (12S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + 2 glutathione = (12S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + glutathione disulfide + H2O
  3. (12S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + O2 = (5S)-hydroperoxy-(12S)-hydroxy-(6E,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate

  Catalysed by GSR, GPX1, GPX4, ALOX5

• 8-hydroperoxy-(5Z,9E,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. arachidonate to 8-peroxy-(5Z,9E,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate conversion

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 5 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• kinetensinReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Leucine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. Chymase

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, CMA1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-L-serineReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-L-serine + H2O = (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + L-serine

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 7 morecytosol, extracellular space

• (15S)-15-hydroperoxy-prostaglandin E2Reach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and prostaglandin G2 (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. prostaglandin G2 = (15S)-15-hydroperoxy-prostaglandin E2

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 7 morecytosol, extracellular space

• cholineReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of acetylcholine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 9 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• acetylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. acetylpyruvate + H2O = acetate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by CTH, FAHD1cytosol

• all-trans-retinoic acidReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CTH, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• arachidonoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Arachidonate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 13 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:15519Reach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. solute carrier organic anion transporter (cholate)
  3. Cholate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 9 morecytosol, extracellular space, endoplasmic reticulum

• CHEBI:15570Reach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. alanine racemase

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1cytosol, extracellular space

• 12(S)-HPETEReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. arachidonate:oxygen 12-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• 5(S)-HPETEReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Arachidonate:oxygen 5-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space

• CHEBI:15699Reach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of cysteine and homoserine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 11 routes

• formateReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. alcohol dehydrogenase (formaldehyde)
  3. S-formylglutathione + H2O = formate + glutathione + H(+)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 12 morecytosol

• CHEBI:15765Reach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Leucine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. solute carrier (L-dopa)

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, SLC3A2, SLC7A5cytosol, extracellular space

• malonateReach from here →
  1. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  2. 3alpha-hydroxysteroid 3-dehydrogenase (Si-specific) (H2S2O3)
  3. malonate(in) + sulfate(out) = malonate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by TSTD1, SLC25A14, SLC25A30, SLC25A10cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• N-carbamoyl-L-aspartic acidReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  3. carbamoyl-phosphate:L-aspartate carbamoyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A13, CADcytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• CHEBI:15971Reach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of cysteine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 12 routes

• (R)-lactateReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  3. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 8 morecytosol

• methanethiolReach from here →
  1. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. methanethiol + O2 + H2O = hydrogen sulfide + formaldehyde + H2O2 + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSR, TSTD1, SELENBP1

• ureaReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-arginine(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-arginine(out)
  3. L-Arginine amidinohydrolase

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, ARG1cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 6 routes

• dimethylarsinateReach from here →
  1. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  2. methylarsonate + 2 glutathione + H(+) = methylarsonous acid + glutathione disulfide + H2O
  3. methylarsonous acid + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = dimethylarsinate + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by GSR, GSTO1, GSTO2, HEMK2

• 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoic acidReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by CTH, AGXT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (R)-3-aminoisobutyric acidReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, AGXT2cytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• L-citrullineReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of citrulline and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 13 routes

• iodideReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and thyroxine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine,iodide:acceptor oxidoreductase (iodinating)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 9 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 9 routes

• ubiquinonesReach from here →
  1. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  2. transport of fumarate and thiosulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. succinate:quinone oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by TSTD1, SLC25A10, SDHD, SDHB and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• L-valineReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of cysteine and valine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 17 routes

• oxaloacetateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. Pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by CTH, PCcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 13 routes

• nitric oxideReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-arginine(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-arginine(out)
  3. L-Arginine, NADPH:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (Nitric-Oxide-Forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, NOS3, NOS1, NOS2cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• protein polypeptide chainReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. PROTEIN_BS

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 5 morecytosolOne of 5 routes

• CHEBI:16633Reach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, SCLYcytosol, extracellular space

• (S)-lactateReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and prostaglandin E2 (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. prostaglandin E2(out) + 2 (S)-lactate(in) = prostaglandin E2(in) + 2 (S)-lactate(out)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 16 routes

• quinolinic acidReach from here →
  1. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  2. 3alpha-hydroxysteroid 3-dehydrogenase (Si-specific) (H2S2O3)
  3. Transport of Quinolinic Acid

  Catalysed by TSTD1, SLC22A6cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• taurochenodeoxycholate 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. solute carrier organic anion transporter (GSH)
  3. taurochenodeoxycholate + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = taurochenodeoxycholate 3-sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 9 morecytosol, extracellular space

• dopamine quinoneReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of dopamine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Peroxidase

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular space, lysosomeOne of 4 routes

• 2-oxobutanoateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate

  Catalysed by CTH, AGXT2cytosol

• 2-oxoglutaramateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. L-Glutamine:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by CTH, KYAT1cytosolOne of 2 routes

• formaldehydeReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. alcohol dehydrogenase (formaldehyde)
  3. alcohol dehydrogenase (formaldehyde)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 11 morecytosol

• 3-fumarylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. 3-fumarylpyruvate + H2O = fumarate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by CTH, FAHD1cytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:16857Reach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of cysteine and threonine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 14 routes

• ferrocytochrome cReach from here →
  1. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. sulfite:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by GSR, TSTD1, SUOXmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• N-acetyl-L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  3. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A13, NAT8Lcytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• oxalic acidReach from here →
  1. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  2. 3alpha-hydroxysteroid 3-dehydrogenase (Si-specific) (H2S2O3)
  3. transport of oxalate and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by TSTD1, SLC26A6cytosol, extracellular space

• (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acidReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CTH, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• (R)-lactaldehydeReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  3. (R)-Lactaldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase (glutathione-formylating)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 14 morecytosol