gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine

Three steps

• 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamideReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  2. a quinone + hydrogen sulfide + glutathione + H(+) = S-sulfanylglutathione + a quinol
  3. 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide + a quinone + H(+) = beta-nicotinamide D-riboside + a quinol

  Catalysed by GSS, SQOR, NQO2

• malonaldehydeReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and prostaglandin H2 (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. thromboxane A synthase (12(S)-HHT)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO2A1, TBXAS1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and thyroxine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = L-thyroxine + AH2

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, DIO1 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• a 3-acylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. a 3-acylpyruvate + H2O = a carboxylate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, FAHD1cytosol

• (R)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. aldehyde dehydrogenase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, ALDH6A1cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (S)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGScytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 3'-dephospho-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. acid phosphatase 2, lysosomal (CoA)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, ACP2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, lysosomeOne of 2 routes

• (2E)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. (2E)-dodecenoyl-CoA formation

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGScytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 4,8,12-trimethyltridecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-ketopristanoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, ACAA1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, peroxisomeOne of 2 routes

• (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (gamma-linolenate)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + ATP + CoA = (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by GSS, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular space

• butanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, ACSM4 and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 9 routes

• choloyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. solute carrier organic anion transporter (cholate)
  3. cholate + ATP + CoA = choloyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SLC27A5cytosol, extracellular space

• dodecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 9 routes

• glutaryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Production of Glutaryl Carnitine

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, CPT1A and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• eicosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 12 routes

• itaconyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Itaconate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SUCLG1 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 13 routes

• tetradecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 11 routes

• octanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, CROTcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 20 routes

• phytanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. phytanate-CoA ligase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGScytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• octadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 6 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 15 routes

• 15-oxoprostaglandin E2Reach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and prostaglandin E2 (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. prostaglandin E2 + NAD(+) = 15-oxoprostaglandin E2 + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, HPGDcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 15-oxoprostaglandin E1Reach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and prostaglandin E1 (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (13E)-(15S)-11alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate:NADP+ 15-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO2A1, CBR3, CBR1 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• 15-oxoprostaglandin D2Reach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and prostaglandin D2 (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 15-dehydro-prostaglandin D2 reduction

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO2A1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 15-oxo-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  3. (15S)-15-Hydroxy-5,8,11-cis-13-trans-icosatetraenoate:NADP+ 15-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by GSS, GPX5, GPX1, GPX2 and 6 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• D-alanineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, SLC7A10cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• sarcosineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. sarcosine + O2 + H2O = formaldehyde + glycine + H2O2

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• (12S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + O2 = (12S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate

  Catalysed by GSS, ALOX5, ALOX15, ALOX12cytosol, extracellular space

• thromboxane A2Reach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and thromboxane B2 (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. thromboxane A2 hydrolysis

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1B1cytosol, extracellular space, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 4 routes

• (15S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + O2 = (15S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoate

  Catalysed by GSS, ALOX15B, ALOX15, ALOX12cytosol, extracellular space

• (5S)-hydroperoxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + O2 = (5S)-hydroperoxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate

  Catalysed by GSS, ALOX5cytosol, extracellular space

• 7,8-dihydrofolateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. uridine(34) in tRNA + 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + taurine + GTP + A + H2O = 5-taurinomethyluridine(34) in tRNA + 7,8-dihydrofolate + GDP + AH2 + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, MOCOS, MTO1cytosol

• (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-serine

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 2-(N(omega)-L-arginino)succinateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of arginine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2-(Nomega-L-arginino)succinate arginine-lyase (fumarate-forming)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A6, ASLcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• 4-guanidinobutanoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of arginine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A6, GATMcytosol, extracellular space

• L-dopaReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of dopamine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-dopa + H(+) = dopamine + CO2

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, DDCcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• 3-guanidinopropanoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of arginine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. beta-alanine + L-arginine = 3-guanidinopropanoate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A6, GATMcytosol, extracellular space

• L-histidineReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and histamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-histidine + H(+) = histamine + CO2

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, HDCcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 8 routes

• D-ornithineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-ornithine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-ornithine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A6, SLC25A2cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• an N-acylglycineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. an acyl-CoA + glycine = an N-acylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 4 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, AGXT2cytosol

• guanidinoacetateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, ASAH1 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• D-threonineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, SLC7A10cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• spermidineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SAT1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• hypotaurineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-Cysteine:oxygen oxidoreductase
  3. 3-sulfino-L-alanine + H(+) = hypotaurine + CO2

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CDO1, GADL1 and 1 morecytosol

• dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  2. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene + glutathione = 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione + chloride + H(+)
  3. transport of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GSS, PTGES, LANCL1, GSTM4 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-dopaquinoneReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Tyrosine,L-dopa:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, TYRcytosol, extracellular space

• L-threonineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, SLC7A10cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 8 routes