gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine

Three steps

• formaldehydeReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. alcohol dehydrogenase (formaldehyde)
  3. alcohol dehydrogenase (formaldehyde)

  Catalysed by GSS, ADH1C, ADH1A, ADH5 and 3 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• 3-fumarylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. 3-fumarylpyruvate + H2O = fumarate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, FAHD1cytosol

• pantetheine 4'-phosphateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate:L-cysteine ligase
  3. N-[(R)-4'-Phosphopantothenoyl]-L-cysteine carboxy-lyase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, PPCS, PPCDCcytosolOne of 2 routes

• glyoxylic acidReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glycine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space, peroxisome

• ferrocytochrome cReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. sulfite:ferricytochrome-c oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by GSS, TSTD1, SUOXmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• oxalic acidReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of chloride and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride and oxalate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC6A14, SLC26A6cytosol, extracellular space

• (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acidReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. transport of (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, SLC16A4 and 5 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• (R)-lactaldehydeReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  3. (R)-Lactaldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase (glutathione-formylating)

  Catalysed by GSS, GLO1, GLOD4, ADH1C and 6 morecytosol

• 3-hydroxypyruvateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. L-serine + pyruvate = 3-hydroxypyruvate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, AGXTcytosol

• L-glutamic 5-semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Ornithine:2-oxo-acid aminotransferase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A6, OATcytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• dehydroascorbic acidReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of dopamine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. dopamine,ascorbate:oxygen oxidoreductase (beta-hydroxylating)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, DBHcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 19 routes

• anilineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Acetyl-CoA:arylamine N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, NAT2 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• aceneuramateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. aceneuramate = aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, NPLcytosol

• CHEBI:17312Reach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. N1,N12-diacetylspermine to N1-acetylspermine conversion

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGScytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 5'-deoxyadenosineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, TYW1B and 1 morecytosol

• all-trans-retinolReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + A = all-trans-retinol + AH2

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, MOCOS, RETSATcytosol

• CHEBI:17380Reach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of 3-Hydroxy-L-Kynurenine

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and proline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-proline:(acceptor) oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, PRODH2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• agmatineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of arginine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-arginine carboxy-lyase (agmatine-forming)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A6cytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• AH2Reach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, MOCOScytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 24 routes

• 5-aminolevulinic acidReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. succinyl-CoA:glycine C-succinyltransferase (decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 4 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• indole-3-pyruvateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan + O2 + H2O = indole-3-pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, IL4I1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine sulfateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and triiodothyronine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. aryl sulfotransferase (PAPS)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SULT1A3 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• L-thyroxine sulfateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and thyroxine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-thyroxine + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = L-thyroxine sulfate + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, SULT1A3 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and triiodothyronine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. thyroxine 5'-deiodinase (3,3-diiodo-L-thyronine)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, DIO1 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• N-acetylserotoninReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. acetyl-CoA:aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, AANATcytosol, extracellular space

• (7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C18:3->C16:3), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, HADHA and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• xanthineReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  2. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  3. xanthine + NAD(+) + H2O = urate + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLC22A13, XDHinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:17724Reach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. Formation of Homocystine
  3. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by GSS, BHMT, BHMT2cytosol

• Ala-tRNA(Ala)Reach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Alanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, AARS1cytosol, extracellular space

• glycine betaineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of chloride and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC6A14, SLC6A12cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• trans-urocanateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-histidine ammonia-lyase (urocanate-forming)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A6, HALcytosol, extracellular space

• 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophanReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + H(+) = serotonin + CO2

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, DDCcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• prostaglandin F1Reach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and prostaglandin E1 (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. prostaglandin E1 + NADPH + H(+) = prostaglandin F1 + NADP(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO2A1, DHRS1cytosol, extracellular space

• 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A9, SLC3A1 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• CHEBI:17927Reach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. N1,N8-diacetylspermidine to N1-acetylspermidine conversion

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGScytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 3-phenylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Phenylalanine Transaminase, Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, GOT2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• fumaric acidReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. transport of fumarate and sulfite (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by GSS, TSTD1, SLC25A10mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• thiocyanateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-Cysteine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (hydrogen-cyanide)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, GOT2, GOT1 and 2 morecytosol

• 5-hydroxyisourateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  2. urate(out) + glutathione(in) = urate(in) + glutathione(out)
  3. urate:oxygen oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by GSS, SLC22A13inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• dTDPReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, PKM and 1 morecytosol

• (R)-3,4-dihydroxymandelaldehydeReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (R)-noradrenaline + O2 + H2O = (R)-3,4-dihydroxymandelaldehyde + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, MAOA and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• CHEBI:18095Reach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of Hydroxy-Proline

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, SLC1A4cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• N-carbamoyl-beta-alanineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of chloride and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of 3-Ureidopropionate

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC6A14cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamideReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 5-Phospho-D-ribosylamine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 2-phenylethylamineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-phenylalanine carboxy-lyase (phenylethylamine-forming)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, DDCcytosol, extracellular space

• hydrogen cyanideReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  2. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  3. thiosulfate:cyanide sulfurtranserase

  Catalysed by GSS, TSTD1, MPST, TSTmitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 2-formamido-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 5'-Phosphoribosylformylglycinamide:L-glutamine amido-ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• (R)-normetanephrineReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and noradrenaline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:catechol O-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, COMT and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• ophthalmateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. gamma-L-glutamyl-(2S)-2-aminobutanoate + glycine + ATP = ophthalmate + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space