beta-alanine

Three steps

• acetateReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of acetate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC26A4, SLC16A4 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 7 routes

• CHEBI:30249Reach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Tryptophan by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, IDO1, TDO2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• oxalateReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. oxalate(in) + sulfate(out) = oxalate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A14 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• anthranilic acidReach from here →
  1. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  2. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. L-Kynurenine hydrolase

  Catalysed by AGXT2, KYNUcytosol

• propionic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of formate and propanoate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC26A4, SLC16A4 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• citric acidReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and oxalate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Mitochondrial Carrier (Mc) Tcdb:2.A.29.7.2

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A1extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• butyric acidReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of butyrate and formate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC26A4, SLC16A4 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• maleateReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. maleate(in) + sulfate(out) = maleate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A14 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (9Z)-octadecenoateReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 2 routes

• 3-hydroxypyruvic acidReach from here →
  1. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by AGXT2, AGXTmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (S)-dihydroorotateReach from here →
  1. L-aspartate + H(+) = beta-alanine + CO2
  2. carbamoyl-phosphate:L-aspartate carbamoyltransferase
  3. (S)-dihydroorotate amidohydrolase

  Catalysed by GADL1, CSAD, CADcytosolOne of 2 routes

• isocitric acidReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and oxalate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Mitochondrial Carrier (Mc) Tcdb:2.A.29.7.2

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A1extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acidReach from here →
  1. L-aspartate + H(+) = beta-alanine + CO2
  2. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. D-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by GADL1, CSAD, GOT2mitochondrial matrix

• (2R,3R)-tartrateReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (2R,3R)-tartrate(in) + sulfate(out) = (2R,3R)-tartrate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A14 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (S,S)-tartrateReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (S,S)-tartrate(in) + sulfate(out) = (S,S)-tartrate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A14 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (3R)-citramalateReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (3R)-citramalate(in) + sulfate(out) = (3R)-citramalate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A14 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (3S)-citramalateReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (3S)-citramalate(in) + sulfate(out) = (3S)-citramalate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A14 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (9Z)-hexadecenoateReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 6 routes

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Carnitine Transport by Atb0
  3. Utilized Transport

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 2 routes

• cis-aconitic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and oxalate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Mitochondrial Carrier (Mc) Tcdb:2.A.29.7.2

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A1extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• thiosulfateReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. thiosulfate(in) + sulfate(out) = thiosulfate(out) + sulfate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC26A6, SLC25A14 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Methionine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, IL4I1extracellular space, cytosol

• di-mu-sulfido-diiron(2+)Reach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, NDUFAB1, FDXR and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• serotoninReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC12A2, SLC12A1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-isoleucine + 2-oxoglutarate = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, BCAT2, BCAT1extracellular space, cytosol

• an acylcholineReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. an acylcholine + H2O = a carboxylate + choline + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC5A7, BCHEextracellular space, cytosol

• 5-aminolevulinateReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. succinyl-CoA + glycine + H(+) = 5-aminolevulinate + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC6A9, ALAS1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acidReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, BCAT1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvateReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Tyrosine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, GOT2, GOT1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 6 routes

• glycochenodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA + glycine = glycochenodeoxycholate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC6A9, BAATextracellular space, cytosol

• taurocholateReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Neurotransmitter:Sodium Symporter (Nss) Tcdb:2.A.22.3.3
  3. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, BAATextracellular space, cytosol, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• taurodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Neurotransmitter:Sodium Symporter (Nss) Tcdb:2.A.22.3.3
  3. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, BAATextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• glycochenodeoxycholic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC6A9, BAATextracellular space, cytosol, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• 3-hydroxyanthranilateReach from here →
  1. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  2. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, KYNU

• glyoxylateReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC6A9, AADATextracellular space, cytosolOne of 12 routes

• glycolithocholic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (glycine)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC6A9, BAATextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-2-amino-3-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Acetyl-CoA:glycine C-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC6A9, GCATextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (R)-lactic acidReach from here →
  1. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. (R)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by AGXT2, LDHDmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• (S)-lactic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of formate and L-lactate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC26A4, SLC16A4 and 5 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 7 routes

• 25-hydroxycholesterolReach from here →
  1. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. cholesterol + AH2 + O2 = 25-hydroxycholesterol + A + H2O

  Catalysed by AGXT2, MOCOS, CH25H

• 2-iminopropanoateReach from here →
  1. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. 2-iminopropanoate + H2O = pyruvate + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, RIDAmitochondrial matrix

• phosphoenolpyruvic acidReach from here →
  1. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, PKM, PKLRmitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• N-acetyl-beta-neuraminic acidReach from here →
  1. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, NPLmitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• S(8)-aminomethyldihydrolipoamideReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase ([protein]-N6-(lipoyl)lysine)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC6A9, GLDC and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinolReach from here →
  1. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + A = all-trans-retinol + AH2

  Catalysed by AGXT2, MOCOS, RETSAT

• 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and iodide (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. thyroxine 5'-deiodinase (3,3-diiodo-L-thyronine)

  Catalysed by SLC6A6, SLC6A14, SLC26A4, DIO1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = L-thyroxine + AH2

  Catalysed by AGXT2, MOCOS, DIO1, DIO3

• a 3-acylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. a 3-acylpyruvate + H2O = a carboxylate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, FAHD1mitochondrial matrix

• (R)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10, NatA catalytic subunit (acetylcarnosine)
  3. aldehyde dehydrogenase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)

  Catalysed by CARNS1, NAA10, ALDH6A1cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (S)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. L-histidine:beta-alanine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10, NatA catalytic subunit (acetylcarnosine)
  3. (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CARNS1, NAA10cytosol, mitochondrial matrix