gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine

Three steps

• L-saccharopineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N6-(L-1,3-Dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A6, AASScytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, KYNUcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• beta-alanineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. beta-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = beta-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, SLC7A10cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• taurocyamineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of arginine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. taurine + L-arginine = taurocyamine + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A6, GATMcytosol, extracellular space

• L-glutamate 5-semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-ornithine + 2-oxoglutarate = L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A6, OATcytosol, extracellular space

• 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, KYNUcytosol, extracellular space

• L,L-cystathionineReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. Formation of Homocystine
  3. L-serine hydro-lyase (adding homocysteine

  Catalysed by GSS, CBScytosolOne of 2 routes

• 6-amino-2-oxohexanoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-lysine:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A6cytosol, extracellular space, peroxisome

• L-homocysteineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, BHMT2cytosol, extracellular space

• carbamoyl phosphateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. HCO3-:L-glutamine amido-ligase (ADP-forming, carbamate-phosphorylating)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• S-methyl-L-methionineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H(+)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, BHMT2cytosol, extracellular space

• L-tyrosineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tyrosine + glyoxylate = 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + glycine

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + glyoxylate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• an acyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, ASAH1 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• trans-4-hydroxy-L-prolineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, SLC1A4cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

• kynurenateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-Cysteine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  3. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-cysteine + H2O

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, GOT2, GOT1 and 1 morecytosol

• 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of arginine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-arginine + O2 + H2O = 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A6, IL4I1cytosol, extracellular space

• (3Z)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-oxomyrist-5-enoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, HADHA and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• N(tau)-methylhistamineReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and histamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:histamine N-tele-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, HNMTcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• N-formyl-L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, IDO1 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• (3S)-citramalyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. (3S)-citramalyl-CoA = pyruvate + acetyl-CoA

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, CLYBLcytosol

• (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 3 routes

• 5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase (glutamine)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glutamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-fructose 6-phosphate + L-glutamine = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular space

• L-methionine (S)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, MSRAcytosol, extracellular space

• L-methionine (R)-S-oxideReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. [thioredoxin]-disulfide + L-methionine + H2O = L-methionine (R)-S-oxide + [thioredoxin]-dithiol

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, MSRB3 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 5-amino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. L-ornithine + pyruvate = 5-amino-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, AGXT2cytosolOne of 3 routes

• deoxycholoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. cholate-CoA ligase (3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanate)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• hyodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of GSH and lithocholate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. cytochrome P450 (lithocholate)

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, CYP3A4cytosol, extracellular space

• N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-glycineReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-glycine + H2O = (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + glycine

  Catalysed by GSS, FAAH, PM20D1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• monodehydro-L-ascorbate radicalReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of dopamine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical + H2O

  Catalysed by GSS, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B3, DBHcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 20 routes

• 4-aminobutanoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of chloride and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC6A14, SLC6A12cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• 3-iodo-L-tyrosineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. thyroid peroxidase (iodine)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, TPOcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• a 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. a 2,3-saturated acyl-CoA + A = a 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + AH2

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, MOCOS, ACAD10cytosol

• L-prolineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-proline(out) + L-alanine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-proline(in) + L-alanine(out) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC7A5, SLC1A4cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 3 routes

• estrone 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  2. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene + glutathione = 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione + chloride + H(+)
  3. transport of estrone 3-sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GSS, PTGES, LANCL1, GSTM4 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-benzoylglycineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. transport of cysteine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Hippurate (Benzoylglycinate) Formation

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, SLC3A2, SLC7A5 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• decanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, ACSM4 and 5 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• (2E)-hexadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, CPT1A and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• (9Z)-hexadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (palmitolate)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 11 routes

• Fe(II)-heme aReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. Fe(II)-heme o + 2 A + H2O = Fe(II)-heme a + 2 AH2

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, MOCOS, COX15cytosol

• (R)-4'-phosphopantetheineReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate:L-cysteine ligase
  3. N-[(R)-4-phosphopantothenoyl]-L-cysteine + H(+) = (R)-4'-phosphopantetheine + CO2

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, PPCS, PPCDCcytosol

• (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarateReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating
  3. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, CTH, HOGA1cytosol

• 3-hydroxyisovaleryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. (3-Hydroxyisovalerylcoa->3-Hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, CPT1A and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• leukotriene D4Reach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. leukotriene C4 synthase (GSH)
  3. leukotriene C4 + H2O = leukotriene D4 + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by GSS, LTC4S, GGT1, GGT5cytosol

• CHEBI:63544Reach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (adrenic acid)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 7 routes

• 18-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. cytochrome P450 (arachidonate)

  Catalysed by GSS, CYP4F8cytosol, extracellular space, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 2 routes

• 3-demethylubiquinol-10Reach from here →
  1. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  2. ubiquinone-10 + hydrogen sulfide + glutathione + H(+) = S-sulfanylglutathione + ubiquinol-10
  3. 3-demethylubiquinol-10 + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = ubiquinol-10 + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSS, SQOR, COQ3

• hexacosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cerotic acid)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• tetracosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (gamma-glutamyl-cysteine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lignocerate)

  Catalysed by GGCT, GGACT, NAGS, SLC27A2 and 7 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 10 routes