methylglyoxal

Three steps

• 2-(alpha-Hydroxypropyl)thiamine diphosphateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  3. branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1 (2-oxobutyrate)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, BCKDHA, BCKDHBcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 2-aminoisobutanoateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. 2-aminoisobutanoate(out) + L-alanine(in) = 2-aminoisobutanoate(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC7A10cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• D-isoleucineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  3. D-isoleucine(out) + D-serine(in) = D-isoleucine(in) + D-serine(out)

  Catalysed by SRR, SLC7A10cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2-S-(R)-glutathioneReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 + glutathione = 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2-S-(R)-glutathione

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, MGST3cytosol

• (5S)-hydroxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoateReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. (5S)-hydroperoxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoate + 2 glutathione = (5S)-hydroxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoate + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, GPX1 and 1 morecytosol

• (12S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoateReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. (12S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoate + 2 glutathione = (12S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoate + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, GPX1 and 1 morecytosol

• (15S)-hydroxy-(11Z,13E)-eicosadienoateReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. (15S)-hydroperoxy-(11Z,13E)-eicosadienoate + 2 glutathione = (15S)-hydroxy-(11Z,13E)-eicosadienoate + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, GPX1 and 1 morecytosol

• (17S)-hydroxy-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z)-docosahexaenoateReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. (17S)-hydroperoxy-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z)-docosahexaenoate + 2 glutathione = (17S)-hydroxy-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z)-docosahexaenoate + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, GPX1 and 1 morecytosol

• a hydroxy-1,2-diacyl-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. a hydroperoxy-1,2-diacyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine + 2 glutathione = a hydroxy-1,2-diacyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, GPX4cytosol

• N(omega),N('omega)-dimethyl-L-arginineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. N(omega),N('omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3'-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by AGXT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (S)-lactoyl-AMPReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. (S)-lactate + ATP + H(+) = (S)-lactoyl-AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by LDHA, LDHB, LDHC, LDHAL6A and 3 morecytosol

• (S)-lactoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. (S)-lactate + ATP + CoA = (S)-lactoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by LDHA, LDHB, LDHC, LDHAL6A and 2 morecytosol

• N-acetylneuraminate 9-phosphateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. N-acetylneuraminate synthase

  Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, NANScytosol

• 3-(glutathion-S-yl)-4-hydroxynonanalReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. (E)-4-hydroxynon-2-enal + glutathione = 3-(glutathion-S-yl)-4-hydroxynonanal

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, GSTP1cytosol

• a quinolReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. a quinone + hydrogen sulfide + glutathione + H(+) = S-sulfanylglutathione + a quinol

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, SQORcytosolOne of 2 routes

• selenomethionineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  3. Selenomethionine methanethiol-lyase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, CTHcytosol

• CHEBI:27760Reach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  3. Selenocystathionine Lysteine-lyase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, CTHcytosol

• 5(S)-HETEReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. Glutathione: 5-HPETE oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 9 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3-mercaptolactic acidReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + [thioredoxin]-dithiol = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + pyruvate + H(+)
  3. 3-Mercaptolactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by MPST, LDHB, LDHC, LDHAL6A and 1 morecytosol

• 2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine
  3. 2-oxopentanoate + N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-2-aminopentanoate

  Catalysed by AGXT2cytosol

• beta-D-fructoseReach from here →
  1. dihydroxyacetone phosphate = methylglyoxal + phosphate
  2. beta-D-fructose 1-phosphate = D-glyceraldehyde + dihydroxyacetone phosphate
  3. beta-D-fructose + ATP = beta-D-fructose 1-phosphate + ADP + H(+)

  Catalysed by TPI1, ALDOB, KHK

• CHEBI:28666Reach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. transport of GSH and LTD4 (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 17alpha-hydroxypregnenoloneReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone)

  Catalysed by SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3, SLC16A7 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space, endoplasmic reticulum

• pyridoxine 5'-phosphateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SCLYcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• N-glycoloylneuraminateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. CMP-N-acetylneuraminate monooxygenase (N-acetylneuraminate)

  Catalysed by NPLcytosol

• a carboxylateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. a 3-acylpyruvate + H2O = a carboxylate + pyruvate + H(+)
  3. a 3-acylpyruvate + H2O = a carboxylate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by FAHD1cytosol

• L-ascorbic acidReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. L-dehydroascorbate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + L-ascorbate

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, CLIC1 and 2 morecytosol

• chlorine(.)Reach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC6A14cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 6 routes

• glycocholateReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. solute carrier organic anion transporter (glycocholate)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• cholateReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. solute carrier organic anion transporter (cholate)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• hydrogen sulfideReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, TSTD1cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate

  Catalysed by AGXT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 8 routes

• citric acidReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. Pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)

  Catalysed by PC, CScytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 9 routes

• an alcoholReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. a hydroperoxide + 2 glutathione = an alcohol + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, CP and 1 morecytosol

• isocitric acidReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. transport of isocitrate and PEP (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, SLC25A1cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acidReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. Pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. D-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by PC, GOT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHLcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• cis-aconitic acidReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. transport of cis-aconitate and PEP (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by PKM, PKLR, SLC25A1cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• thiosulfateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. transport of malate and thiosulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by ME2, SLC25A10cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
  3. L-Methionine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by TYW1B, TYW1, IL4I1cytosol

• serotoninReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. transport of GSH and serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 2-oxohexanoateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine
  3. 2-oxohexanoate + N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine = L-2-aminohexanoate + 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate

  Catalysed by AGXT2cytosol

• D-cysteineReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
  3. D-cysteine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-cysteine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, SLC7A10cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-alpha-aminobutyric acidReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  3. glutamic-pyruvic transaminase ((S)-2-aminobutanoate)

  Catalysed by AGXT2, GPTcytosol

• glycochenodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-lactoylglutathione + H2O = (R)-lactate + glutathione + H(+)
  3. glycochenodeoxycholate(in) + glutathione(in) + ATP + H2O = glycochenodeoxycholate(out) + glutathione(out) + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, ABCC4cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• taurocholateReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. solute carrier organic anion transporter (GSH)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• glyoxylateReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. glyoxylate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (S)-malate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by ME2, CLYBLcytosolOne of 8 routes

• D-fructoseReach from here →
  1. dihydroxyacetone phosphate = methylglyoxal + phosphate
  2. beta-D-fructose 1-phosphate = D-glyceraldehyde + dihydroxyacetone phosphate
  3. beta-D-fructose 1-phosphate + H2O = D-fructose + phosphate

  Catalysed by TPI1, ALDOB, IMPA1, DCPH1

• glycolithocholic acidReach from here →
  1. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase
  3. transport of glycolithocholate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GLO1, GLOD4, HAGH, HAGHL and 2 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. 2-Oxopropanal:NADP+ oxidoreductase
  2. transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA

  Catalysed by HMGCL, HMGCLL1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix