choline

Three steps

• diiodineReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and iodide (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. iodide:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC26A4, TPOextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. all-trans-retinyl hexadecanoate + H2O = 11-cis-retinol + hexadecanoate + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1 and 3 morecytosol

• nitrateReach from here →
  1. choline + A = betaine aldehyde + AH2
  2. 2 nitrite + AH2 + 2 H(+) = 2 nitric oxide + A + 2 H2O
  3. Fe(II)-heme b-[protein] + nitric oxide + O2 = Fe(III)-heme b-[protein] + nitrate

  Catalysed by CHDH, SUOX, CYGB

• a sphingomyelinReach from here →
  1. ATP:choline phosphotransferase
  2. CTP:choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase
  3. ceramide cholinephosphotransferase (CDP-choline)

  Catalysed by CHKA, CHKB, PCYT1A, PCYT1Bcytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• indole-3-pyruvateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Tryptophan by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-tryptophan + O2 + H2O = indole-3-pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, IL4I1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine sulfateReach from here →
  1. choline + A = betaine aldehyde + AH2
  2. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = L-thyroxine + AH2
  3. aryl sulfotransferase (PAPS)

  Catalysed by CHDH, DIO1, DIO2, SULT1A3 and 3 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:17724Reach from here →
  1. choline dehydrogenase (choline)
  2. p-cumic alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. Trimethylaminoacetate:L-homosysteine S-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by CHDH, ALDH7A1, BHMT, BHMT2cytosol

• Ala-tRNA(Ala)Reach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. L-Alanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by CHAT, AARS1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 4-methylumbelliferyl acetateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetylcholine aectylhydrolase
  3. 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate + H2O = 4-methylumbelliferone + acetate + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, BCHE, ACHE, CES2 and 2 morecytosol

• CHEBI:17769Reach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  3. spermidine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by CHAT, SAT1, SAT2cytosol

• trans-urocanateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-histidine ammonia-lyase (urocanate-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, HALextracellular space, cytosol

• 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophanReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Tryptophan by Atb0 Transporter
  3. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tryptophan + O2 = 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, TPH1, TPH2extracellular space, cytosol

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerolReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 2-acylglycerol + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 4 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• a triacylglycerolReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. acyl-CoA:1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol O-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by CHAT, ASAH1, ACER2, ACER1 and 6 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, BCAT2extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• 7alpha-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-oneReach from here →
  1. choline + A = betaine aldehyde + AH2
  2. cholesterol + AH2 + O2 = 25-hydroxycholesterol + A + H2O
  3. Cholest-5-Ene-3Beta, 7Alpha-Diol:NAD+ 3-Oxidoreductase Bile Acid Biosynthesis

  Catalysed by CHDH, CH25H, HSD3B7endoplasmic reticulum

• 3-oxopropanoic acidReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of beta-alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. beta-alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A6, SLC6A14, ABATextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• butanoateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. butanoyl-CoA + H2O = butanoate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A and 9 morecytosol

• 3-phenylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Phenylalanine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. Phenylalanine Transaminase, Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, GOT2, TATextracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• fumaric acidReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. transport of chloride and sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of fumarate and sulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC26A6, SLC25A10extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• spermine monoaldehydeReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermine)
  3. primary-amine oxidase (spermine)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SAT1, SAT2, AOC2 and 2 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• O-octanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. solute carrier (L-carnitine)

  Catalysed by CHAT, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 11 routes

• dodecanoateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)
  3. Lauroyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 9 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamideReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. 5-Phospho-D-ribosylamine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• N-(4-aminobutyl)-3-aminopropanalReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  3. primary-amine oxidase (spermidine)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SAT1, SAT2, AOC2 and 2 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• 2-phenylethylamineReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Phenylalanine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. L-phenylalanine carboxy-lyase (phenylethylamine-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, DDCextracellular space, cytosol

• 2-formamido-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidineReach from here →
  1. transport of chloride and choline (cytosol to extracellular)
  2. Transport of L-Glutamine by Atb0 Transporter
  3. 5'-Phosphoribosylformylglycinamide:L-glutamine amido-ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC5A7, SLC6A14, PFASextracellular space, cytosol

• (2E,5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosahexaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (EPA)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoyl-CoA + O2 = (2E,5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosahexaenoyl-CoA + H2O2

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 morecytosol

• 1-octadecanoyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + octadecanoyl-CoA = 1-octadecanoyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 morecytosol

• ophthalmateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. gamma-L-glutamyl-(2S)-2-aminobutanoate + glycine + ATP = ophthalmate + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• S-methylmercury-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetylmethionine)
  3. S-methylmercury-L-cysteine(out) + L-methionine(in) = S-methylmercury-L-cysteine(in) + L-methionine(out)

  Catalysed by CHAT, NAGS, SLC7A8cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 6 routes

• 2-aminoisobutanoateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. 2-aminoisobutanoate(out) + L-alanine(in) = 2-aminoisobutanoate(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC7A10cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 11-cis-retinyl esterReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. 11-cis-retinol + a fatty acyl-CoA = 11-cis-retinyl ester + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, DGAT1, LRAT, AWAT1 and 2 morecytosol

• 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. ATP citrate lyase (citrate)
  3. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + oxaloacetate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-aspartate

  Catalysed by CHAT, ACLY, AGXT2cytosol

• N(omega),N('omega)-dimethyl-L-arginineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. N(omega),N('omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + glyoxylate = 5-(3,3'-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 1-butanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerolReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. 2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + butanoyl-CoA = 1-butanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A and 5 morecytosol

• 1-octanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerolReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
  3. 2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + octanoyl-CoA = 1-octanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, CROT, MOGAT2, MOGAT1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 1-eicosanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerolReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)
  3. eicosanoyl-CoA + 2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol = 1-eicosanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 morecytosol

• 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acidReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase

  Catalysed by CHAT, GLYAT, GLYATL2, GLYATL1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• O-butanoyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. butanoyl-CoA + (R)-carnitine = O-butanoyl-(R)-carnitine + CoA

  Catalysed by CHAT, ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A and 4 morecytosol

• S-disulfanyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. S-sulfanyl-L-cysteine + L-cysteine = S-disulfanyl-L-cysteine + L-alanine

  Catalysed by CHAT, NAGS, CARS2cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 3-oxo-(9Z)-eicosenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase ((7Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA)
  3. very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA synthase ((7Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by CHAT, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B and 7 morecytosol

• (2E,6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (gamma-linolenate)
  3. (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoA + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] + H(+) = (2E,6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatetraenoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein]

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 8 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• (2E,7Z,10Z)-hexadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation Trans (C18:2->C16:2), Mitochondrial
  3. (7Z,10Z)-hexadecadienoyl-CoA + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] + H(+) = (2E,7Z,10Z)-hexadecatrienoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein]

  Catalysed by CHAT, HADHA, ACADVL, HADHB and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (2E,4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecapentaenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C18:4->C16:4), Mitochondrial
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C16:4->C16:5), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by CHAT, HADHA, ACADVL, HADHBcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• (2E,7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C18:3->C16:3), Mitochondrial
  3. (7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecatrienoyl-CoA + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] + H(+) = (2E,7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecatetraenoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein]

  Catalysed by CHAT, HADHA, ACADVL, HADHB and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (2E,4Z,7Z)-decatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C12:3->C10:2), Mitochondrial
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C10:2->C10:3), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by CHAT, ECHS1, ACAA2, HADH and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• docosanoateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (behenic acid)
  3. Docosanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 7 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• octadecanoateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. Stearoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CHAT, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 9 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• octanoateReach from here →
  1. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  2. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
  3. Octanoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by CHAT, CROT, ACOT7cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes