L-cystine-bis-glycine

Three steps

• CHEBI:28701Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. Propanoyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, ACAA1 and 2 moreperoxisomeOne of 7 routes

• pyridoxine 5'-phosphateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A9, SLC3A1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• N-acetyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  3. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, TXNRD1, TXNRD3 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• a dicarboxylateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. Hippurate (Benzoylglycinate) Formation
  3. N-benzoylglycine(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = N-benzoylglycine(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC22A6, SLC22A8mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-ascorbic acidReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. L-dehydroascorbate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + L-ascorbate

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSS, CLIC1 and 2 more

• K(+)Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  3. K(+)(in) + L-cysteine(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-cysteine(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, TXNRD1, TXNRD3 and 2 morecytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• Cys-tRNA(Cys)Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  3. L-Cysteine:tRNA(Cys) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, TXNRD1, TXNRD3 and 2 morecytosol

• Phe-tRNA(Phe)Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of glycine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Phenylalanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A5, FARSB and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• Asp-tRNA(Asp)Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  3. L-Aspartate:tRNA(Asp) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A13, DARS1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• Trp-tRNA(Trp)Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of glycine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Tryptophan -tRNA(Trp) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A5, WARS1extracellular space, cytosol

• Ile-tRNA(Ile)Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of glycine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Isoleucine:tRNA(Ile) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A5, IARS1extracellular space, cytosol

• Gln-tRNA(Gln)Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of glutamine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Glutamine:tRNA(Gln) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A5, QARS1extracellular space, cytosol

• isocyanateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of citrulline and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-citrulline + H(+) = isocyanate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A9, SLC3A1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• Asn-tRNA(Asn)Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of asparagine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Asparagine:tRNA(Asn) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, NARS1extracellular space, cytosol

• cholateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. solute carrier organic anion transporter (cholate)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• glycolateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. glycine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)
  3. glycolate:NADP+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, DAO, GRHPRperoxisome, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• hydrogen sulfideReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  3. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, TXNRD1, TXNRD3 and 2 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• acetateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, CTH, SLC16A4 and 4 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:30249Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of glycine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A5, IDO1 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• oxalateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate
  3. glyoxylate + O2 + H2O = oxalate + H2O2 + H(+)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, AADAT, HAO1

• formic acidReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. transport of formate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, CTH, SLC16A4 and 4 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• propionic acidReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, CTH, SLC16A4 and 5 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• butyric acidReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, CTH, SLC16A4 and 5 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• malonic acidReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of chloride and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Malonate Transport, Antiport with Chloride

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC6A9, SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• (9Z)-octadecenoateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + CoA + H(+)
  3. (9Z)-octadecenoate + glycine = N-(9Z-octadecenoyl)glycine + H2O

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GLYATL3, GLYATL2 and 2 more

• 3-hydroxypyruvic acidReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, CTH, AGXTcytosolOne of 2 routes

• an alcoholReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. a hydroperoxide + 2 glutathione = an alcohol + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSS, CP and 1 more

• glutarateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase
  3. glycocholate(out) + glutarate(in) = glycocholate(in) + glutarate(out)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, BAAT, SLC22A24peroxisome, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSScytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• L-lysineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Leucine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. L-lysine(in) + L-leucine(out) + Na(+)(out) = L-lysine(out) + L-leucine(in) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A9, SLC3A1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 7 routes

• D-lysineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
  3. D-lysine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-lysine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GATM, SLC25A2cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• putrescineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-arginine(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-arginine(out)
  3. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A9, SLC3A2 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• D-arginineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
  3. D-arginine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-arginine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GATM, SLC25A2cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• N-carbamoyl-L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  3. carbamoyl phosphate + L-aspartate = N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A13, CADinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, CTH, AGXT2cytosol

• methylarsonateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. methylarsonate + 2 glutathione + H(+) = methylarsonous acid + glutathione disulfide + H2O

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSTO1, GSTO2cytosol

• thiosulfateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, TSTD1cytosol

• 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of glycine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Methionine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A5, IL4I1extracellular space, cytosol

• di-mu-sulfido-diiron(2+)Reach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (NADPH) (cystine)
  3. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, TXNRD1, TXNRD3 and 8 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• serotoninReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. transport of GSH and serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of glycine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-isoleucine + 2-oxoglutarate = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A5, BCAT2 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• D-cysteineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. D-cysteine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-cysteine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A9, SLC3A1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• D-serineReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A9, SLC3A1 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 11 routes

• 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acidReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of glycine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A5, BCAT1extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. transport of glycine and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, SLC7A5, GOT2 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 7 routes

• taurocholateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)
  3. solute carrier organic anion transporter (GSH)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, GSS, SLCO1A2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• (R)-lactic acidReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. (R)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, CTH, LDHDcytosol

• (S)-lactic acidReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, CTH, LDHB and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• 2-iminopropanoateReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. 2-iminopropanoate + H2O = pyruvate + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, CTH, RIDAcytosol

• phosphoenolpyruvic acidReach from here →
  1. L-cystine-bis-glycine + 2 H2O = L-cystine + 2 glycine
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)

  Catalysed by DPEP1, DPEP2, CTH, PKM and 1 morecytosol