L-homocarnosine

Three steps

• 5-aminolevulinic acidReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. succinyl-CoA:glycine C-succinyltransferase (decarboxylating)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, ALAS1 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• indole-3-pyruvateReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of histidine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan + O2 + H2O = indole-3-pyruvate + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, IL4I1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• Ala-tRNA(Ala)Reach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Alanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, AARS1cytosol, extracellular space

• glycine betaineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of betaine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC6A12cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophanReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of histidine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tryptophan + O2 = 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, TPH1 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of histidine and leucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, BCAT2cytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• CHEBI:17927Reach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of arginine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport by Y+Lat-2 into Extracellular Space

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 3-phenylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of histidine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Phenylalanine Transaminase, Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, GOT2 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• CHEBI:18095Reach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC6A12, CLTRN and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 5 routes

• seleniteReach from here →
  1. Transport of Homocarnosine
  2. Zn(2+)(in) + Ca(2+)(out) = Zn(2+)(out) + Ca(2+)(in)
  3. selenite(out) + Zn(2+)(out) + hydrogencarbonate(out) = selenite(in) + Zn(2+)(in) + hydrogencarbonate(in)

  Catalysed by SLC30A1, SLC39A8extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• N-carbamoyl-beta-alanineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of 3-Ureidopropionate

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC6A12cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)glycinamideReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 5-Phospho-D-ribosylamine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, GARTcytosol, extracellular space

• 2-phenylethylamineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of histidine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-phenylalanine carboxy-lyase (phenylethylamine-forming)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, DDCcytosol, extracellular space

• 2-formamido-N(1)-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glutamine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 5'-Phosphoribosylformylglycinamide:L-glutamine amido-ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, PFAScytosol, extracellular space

• ophthalmateReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. gamma-L-glutamyl-(2S)-2-aminobutanoate + glycine + ATP = ophthalmate + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, GSScytosol, extracellular space

• S-methylmercury-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of histidine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-methylmercury-L-cysteine(out) + L-methionine(in) = S-methylmercury-L-cysteine(in) + L-methionine(out)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, SLC7A8cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 6 routes

• 2-aminoisobutanoateReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2-aminoisobutanoate(out) + L-alanine(in) = 2-aminoisobutanoate(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, SLC7A10cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• N(omega),N('omega)-dimethyl-L-arginineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N(omega),N('omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + glyoxylate = 5-(3,3'-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + glycine

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, AGXT2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acidReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, SHMT1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• S-disulfanyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of cysteine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-sulfanyl-L-cysteine + L-cysteine = S-disulfanyl-L-cysteine + L-alanine

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, CARS2cytosol, extracellular space

• CHEBI:240943Reach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2-Methylbutyrylglycine Transport, Extracellular

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC6A12, SLC6A5cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• hypochlorous acidReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Peroxidase

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC6A12, LPOcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• imidazole-4-acetaldehydeReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. L-histidine carboxy-lyase (histamine-forming)
  3. amine oxidase copper containing (histamine)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, HDC, AOC2 and 2 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• phenylacetylglycineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. phenylacetyl-CoA:glycine N-phenylacetyltransferase

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, GLYATcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• 5-hydroxytryptophanReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of histidine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Tryptophan, Tetrahydrobiopterin:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (5-Hydroxylating)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, TPH1 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:28666Reach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. LTD4 hydrolysis

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6cytosol, extracellular space

• pyridoxine 5'-phosphateReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-selenocysteine selenide-lyase (L-alanine-forming)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, SCLYcytosol, extracellular space

• N-acetyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of cysteine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, NAGScytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• Cys-tRNA(Cys)Reach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of cysteine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Cysteine:tRNA(Cys) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, CARS1cytosol, extracellular space

• Phe-tRNA(Phe)Reach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of histidine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Phenylalanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, FARSB and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• Gly-tRNA(Gly)Reach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glycine:tRNA(Gly) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, GARS1cytosol, extracellular space

• Trp-tRNA(Trp)Reach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of histidine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Tryptophan -tRNA(Trp) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, WARS1cytosol, extracellular space

• Ile-tRNA(Ile)Reach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of histidine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Isoleucine:tRNA(Ile) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, IARS1cytosol, extracellular space

• Gln-tRNA(Gln)Reach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glutamine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Glutamine:tRNA(Gln) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, QARS1cytosol, extracellular space

• isocyanateReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of citrulline and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-citrulline + H(+) = isocyanate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A5, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• Asn-tRNA(Asn)Reach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of asparagine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Asparagine:tRNA(Asn) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, NARS1cytosol, extracellular space

• glycocholateReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of glycine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, BAATcytosol, extracellular space, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• hydrogen sulfideReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of cysteine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, CTHcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• D-aspartateReach from here →
  1. Transport of Homocarnosine
  2. Ca(2+)(out) + K(+)(out) + 4 Na(+)(in) = Ca(2+)(in) + K(+)(in) + 4 Na(+)(out)
  3. D-aspartate(out) + K(+)(in) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = D-aspartate(in) + K(+)(out) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)

  Catalysed by SLC24A1, SLC24A5, SLC24A4, SLC24A3 and 6 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of alanine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, AGXT2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 21 routes

• CHEBI:30249Reach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of histidine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, IDO1 and 2 morecytosol, extracellular space

• formic acidReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride and formate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC6A12, SLC26A4cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• malonic acidReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of 4-aminobutyrate and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Malonate Transport, Antiport with Chloride

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC6A12cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• L-lysineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine
  3. L-ornithine(out) + L-lysine(in) = L-ornithine(in) + L-lysine(out)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, GATM, SLC25A2 and 1 morecytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 5 routes

• D-lysineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine
  3. D-lysine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-lysine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, GATM, SLC25A2cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• putrescineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine
  3. L-ornithine carboxy-lyase (putrescine-forming)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, GATM, ODC1cytosolOne of 4 routes

• D-arginineReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine
  3. D-arginine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-arginine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, GATM, SLC25A2cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of histidine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Methionine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, IL4I1cytosol, extracellular space

• di-mu-sulfido-diiron(2+)Reach from here →
  1. Hydrolysis of homocarnosine
  2. transport of cysteine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S

  Catalysed by CNDP1, CNDP2, SLC7A6, NDUFAB1 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space, mitochondrial matrix

• serotoninReach from here →
  1. Transport of Homocarnosine
  2. transport of Ca2+ and K+ (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC24A1, SLC24A5, SLC24A4, SLC24A3 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes