a ganglioside GM1 (d18:1(4E))

362,296 routes · scope human · up to 3 steps · built 5 October 2026 · Reactions · API

116 compounds within 3 steps: 8 in 1, 16 in 2, 92 in 3

Three steps

5'-deoxyadenosineReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
3. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
Catalysed by NEU2, NPL, TYW1B, TYW1cytosol
dTDPReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
3. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
Catalysed by NEU2, NPL, PKM, PKLRcytosol
a globoside Gb3Cer (d18:1(4E))Reach from here →
1. beta-galactosidase (GM1)
2. beta-galactosidase (galactose)
3. alpha 1,4-galactosyltransferase (P blood group) (LacCer pool)
Catalysed by LCT, GLB1, GLB1L, TMPPE and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes
D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosineReach from here →
1. beta-galactosidase (GM1)
2. beta-galactosidase (galactose)
3. beta-D-Galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide galactohydrolase
Catalysed by LCT, GLB1, GLB1L, TMPPEcytosol, extracellular space, lysosome
5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
3. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine
Catalysed by NEU2, NPL, AGXT2cytosol
5-(3,3'-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
3. N(omega),N('omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3'-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine
Catalysed by NEU2, NPL, AGXT2cytosol
5-(3-methylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
3. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3-methylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine
Catalysed by NEU2, NPL, AGXT2cytosol
an alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->8)-alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc derivativeReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. CTP:N-acetylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase
3. an N-acetyl-alpha-neuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl derivative + CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminate = an alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->8)-alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc derivative + CMP + H(+)
Catalysed by NEU2, CMAS, ST8SIA3cytosol, nucleus
alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->8)-alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-6S-D-GlcNAcReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. CTP:N-acetylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase
3. alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-6S-D-GlcNAc + CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminate = alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->8)-alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-6S-D-GlcNAc + CMP + H(+)
Catalysed by NEU2, CMAS, ST8SIA3cytosol, nucleus
CMP-N-acetyl-9-O-acetyl-beta-neuraminateReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. CTP:N-acetylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase
3. CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminate + acetyl-CoA = CMP-N-acetyl-9-O-acetyl-beta-neuraminate + CoA
Catalysed by NEU2, CMAS, CASD1cytosol, nucleus
CMP-N-acetyl-7-O-acetyl-beta-neuraminateReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. CTP:N-acetylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase
3. CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminate + acetyl-CoA = CMP-N-acetyl-7-O-acetyl-beta-neuraminate + CoA
Catalysed by NEU2, CMAS, CASD1cytosol, nucleus
acetateReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
3. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
Catalysed by NEU2, NPL, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes
formic acidReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
3. transport of formate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
Catalysed by NEU2, NPL, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 3 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes
propionic acidReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
3. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
Catalysed by NEU2, NPL, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 4 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes
butyric acidReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
3. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
Catalysed by NEU2, NPL, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 4 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes
3-hydroxypyruvic acidReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
3. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase
Catalysed by NEU2, NPL, AGXTcytosolOne of 2 routes
3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
3. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate
Catalysed by NEU2, NPL, AGXT2cytosol
D-serineReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
3. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
Catalysed by NEU2, NPL, SRRcytosol
D-galactoseReach from here →
1. beta-galactosidase (GM1)
2. galactokinase (galactose)
3. alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate + H2O = D-galactose + phosphate
Catalysed by LCT, GLB1, GLB1L, TMPPE and 3 morecytosolOne of 2 routes
(R)-lactic acidReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
3. (R)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Catalysed by NEU2, NPL, LDHDcytosol
(S)-lactic acidReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
3. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Catalysed by NEU2, NPL, LDHB, LDHAL6Bcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes
2-iminopropanoateReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
3. 2-iminopropanoate + H2O = pyruvate + NH4(+)
Catalysed by NEU2, NPL, RIDAcytosol
phosphoenolpyruvic acidReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
3. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
Catalysed by NEU2, NPL, PKM, PKLRcytosol
N-acetyl-D-glucosamineReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
3. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 2-epimerase
Catalysed by NEU2, NPL, RENBPcytosol
an isogloboside iGb3Cer (d18:1(4E))Reach from here →
1. beta-galactosidase (GM1)
2. beta-galactosidase (galactose)
3. a beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc-(1<->1)-Cer(d18:1(4E)) + UDP-alpha-D-galactose = an isogloboside iGb3Cer (d18:1(4E)) + UDP + H(+)
Catalysed by LCT, GLB1, GLB1L, TMPPE and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space
a 3-acylpyruvateReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
3. a 3-acylpyruvate + H2O = a carboxylate + pyruvate + H(+)
Catalysed by NEU2, NPL, FAHD1cytosol
2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoateReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
3. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + [thioredoxin]-dithiol = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + pyruvate + H(+)
Catalysed by NEU2, NPL, MPSTcytosol
2-methyl-3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
3. (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine
Catalysed by NEU2, NPL, AGXT2cytosol
L-methionineReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
3. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O
Catalysed by NEU2, NPL, TYW1B, TYW1cytosol
L-alanineReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
3. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase
Catalysed by NEU2, NPL, AGXT2cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 18 routes
aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
3. ATP:N-acyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphotransferase
Catalysed by NEU2, NPL, GNEcytosolOne of 2 routes
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphateReach from here →
1. beta-galactosidase (GM1)
2. galactokinase (galactose)
3. alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate + UDP-alpha-D-glucose = alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + UDP-alpha-D-galactose
Catalysed by LCT, GLB1, GLB1L, TMPPE and 3 morecytosol
a neolactoside IV(3)-alpha-NeuAc-nLc4Cer(d18:1(4E))Reach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. CTP:N-acetylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase
3. ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
Catalysed by NEU2, CMAS, ST3GAL6cytosol, nucleusOne of 3 routes
(3S)-citramalyl-CoAReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
3. (3S)-citramalyl-CoA = pyruvate + acetyl-CoA
Catalysed by NEU2, NPL, CLYBLcytosol
5-amino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
3. L-ornithine + pyruvate = 5-amino-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine
Catalysed by NEU2, NPL, AGXT2cytosol
(4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarateReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
3. (4R)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
Catalysed by NEU2, NPL, HOGA1cytosol
UDP-alpha-D-galactoseReach from here →
1. beta-galactosidase (GM1)
2. galactokinase (galactose)
3. alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate + UDP-alpha-D-glucose = alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + UDP-alpha-D-galactose
Catalysed by LCT, GLB1, GLB1L, TMPPE and 3 morecytosol
CHEBI:67119Reach from here →
1. beta-galactosidase (GM1)
2. galactokinase (galactose)
3. UDP-glucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase
Catalysed by LCT, GLB1, GLB1L, TMPPE and 3 morecytosolOne of 2 routes
(4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarateReach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
3. (4S)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + pyruvate
Catalysed by NEU2, NPL, HOGA1cytosol
ganglioside GM1 (d18:1(4E)/18:0)Reach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. CTP:N-acetylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase
3. ganglioside GA1 (d18:1(4E)/18:0) + CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminate = ganglioside GM1 (d18:1(4E)/18:0) + CMP + H(+)
Catalysed by NEU2, CMAS, ST3GAL5cytosol, nucleus
beta-D-3-sulfogalactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphing-4-enineReach from here →
1. beta-galactosidase (GM1)
2. beta-galactosidase (galactose)
3. a beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc-(1<->1)-Cer(d18:1(4E)) + 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = beta-D-3-sulfogalactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphing-4-enine + adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + H(+)
Catalysed by LCT, GLB1, GLB1L, TMPPE and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space
a ganglioside GD3 (d18:1(4E))Reach from here →
1. beta-galactosidase (GM1)
2. beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase (GM2)
3. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
Catalysed by LCT, GLB1, GLB1L, TMPPE and 4 morecytosolOne of 9 routes
a ganglioside GT3 (d18:1(4E))Reach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. CTP:N-acetylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase
3. alpha-N-acetylneuraminate alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
Catalysed by NEU2, CMAS, ST8SIA5, ST8SIA1cytosol, nucleusOne of 3 routes
a ganglioside GQ1b (d18:1(4E))Reach from here →
1. beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
2. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
3. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
Catalysed by ST3GAL1, ST3GAL4, ST3GAL2, ST8SIA5 and 1 morecytosolOne of 8 routes
a ganglioside GM4 (d18:1(4E))Reach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. CTP:N-acetylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase
3. a beta-D-galactosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphing-4-enine + CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminate = a ganglioside GM4 (d18:1(4E)) + CMP + H(+)
Catalysed by NEU2, CMAS, ST3GAL5cytosol, nucleus
ganglioside GM2 (d18:1(4E)/18:0)Reach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. CTP:N-acetylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase
3. ganglioside GA2 (d18:1(4E)/18:0) + CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminate = ganglioside GM2 (d18:1(4E)/18:0) + CMP + H(+)
Catalysed by NEU2, CMAS, ST3GAL5cytosol, nucleus
a ganglioside GD1alpha (d18:1(4E))Reach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. CTP:N-acetylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase
3. a ganglioside GM1b (d18:1(4E)) + CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminate = a ganglioside GD1alpha (d18:1(4E)) + CMP + H(+)
Catalysed by NEU2, CMAS, ST6GALNAC3, ST6GALNAC6 and 2 morecytosol, nucleusOne of 2 routes
a ganglioside GQ1balpha (d18:1(4E))Reach from here →
1. beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
2. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
3. a ganglioside GT1b (d18:1(4E)) + CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminate = a ganglioside GQ1balpha (d18:1(4E)) + CMP + H(+)
Catalysed by ST3GAL1, ST3GAL4, ST3GAL2, ST8SIA1 and 1 morecytosolOne of 2 routes
a ganglioside GD3Reach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. CTP:N-acetylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase
3. a ganglioside GM3 + CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminate = a ganglioside GD3 + CMP + H(+)
Catalysed by NEU2, CMAS, ST8SIA3, ST8SIA6cytosol, nucleus
a ganglioside GT3Reach from here →
1. Sialidase, Cytosol (Neu2)
2. CTP:N-acetylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase
3. a ganglioside GD3 + CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminate = a ganglioside GT3 + CMP + H(+)
Catalysed by NEU2, CMAS, ST8SIA1cytosol, nucleus