N-formyl-L-kynurenine

Three steps

• Cys-tRNA(Cys)Reach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-cysteine + H2O
  3. L-Cysteine:tRNA(Cys) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by AFMID, AADAT, CARS1cytosol

• Phe-tRNA(Phe)Reach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. Transport of L-Kynurenine
  3. L-Phenylalanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by AFMID, SLC7A8, FARSB, FARSAextracellular space, cytosol

• Gly-tRNA(Gly)Reach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  3. glycine:tRNA(Gly) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by AFMID, KYAT3, AADAT, GARS1cytosol

• Asp-tRNA(Asp)Reach from here →
  1. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  2. L-tryptophan(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-tryptophan(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  3. L-Aspartate:tRNA(Asp) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by IDO1, TDO2, IDO2, SLC7A13 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• Ile-tRNA(Ile)Reach from here →
  1. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  2. transport of isoleucine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Isoleucine:tRNA(Ile) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by IDO1, TDO2, IDO2, SLC7A5 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• Gln-tRNA(Gln)Reach from here →
  1. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  2. transport of glutamine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Glutamine:tRNA(Gln) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by IDO1, TDO2, IDO2, SLC7A5 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• isocyanateReach from here →
  1. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  2. transport of citrulline and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-citrulline + H(+) = isocyanate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by IDO1, TDO2, IDO2, SLC7A9 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• Asn-tRNA(Asn)Reach from here →
  1. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  2. transport of asparagine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Asparagine:tRNA(Asn) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by IDO1, TDO2, IDO2, SLC7A5 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• glycocholateReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  3. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by AFMID, KYAT3, AADAT, BAATperoxisomeOne of 3 routes

• hydrogen sulfideReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-cysteine + H2O
  3. L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (deaminating

  Catalysed by AFMID, AADAT, CTHcytosolOne of 2 routes

• formic acidReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylsulfanyl)pent-1-en-3-one + O2 = 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanoate + CO + formate + 2 H(+)
  3. acireductone dioxygenase

  Catalysed by AFMID, ADI1cytosolOne of 6 routes

• malonic acidReach from here →
  1. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  2. Transport of L-Tryptophan by Atb0 Transporter
  3. Malonate Transport, Antiport with Chloride

  Catalysed by IDO1, TDO2, IDO2, SLC6A14extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• glutarateReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. Kynurenine-Oxoglutarate Transaminase
  3. kynurenate(out) + glutarate(in) = kynurenate(in) + glutarate(out)

  Catalysed by AFMID, KYAT3, AADAT, SLC22A6mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-lysineReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. Transport of L-Kynurenine
  3. L-lysine(in) + L-leucine(out) + Na(+)(out) = L-lysine(out) + L-leucine(in) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by AFMID, SLC43A1, SLC7A7extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 5 routes

• D-lysineReach from here →
  1. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  2. transport of ornithine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-lysine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-lysine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by IDO1, TDO2, IDO2, SLC7A6 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• putrescineReach from here →
  1. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  2. transport of arginine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Putrescine Export via Putrescine/Arginine Antiporter

  Catalysed by IDO1, TDO2, IDO2, SLC7A6 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• D-arginineReach from here →
  1. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  2. transport of ornithine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-arginine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-arginine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by IDO1, TDO2, IDO2, SLC7A6 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• N-carbamoyl-L-aspartateReach from here →
  1. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  2. L-tryptophan(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-tryptophan(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  3. carbamoyl phosphate + L-aspartate = N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by IDO1, TDO2, IDO2, SLC7A13 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylsulfanyl)pent-1-en-3-one + O2 = 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanoate + CO + formate + 2 H(+)
  3. Acireductone Dixoygenase 1

  Catalysed by AFMID, ADI1cytosolOne of 2 routes

• di-mu-sulfido-diiron(2+)Reach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + L-kynurenine = kynurenate + L-cysteine + H2O
  3. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S

  Catalysed by AFMID, AADAT, NDUFAB1, FDXR and 5 moremitochondrial matrix

• serotoninReach from here →
  1. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  2. L-Tryptophan, Tetrahydrobiopterin:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (5-Hydroxylating)
  3. 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan decarboxy-lyase

  Catalysed by IDO1, TDO2, IDO2, TPH1 and 2 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  2. transport of isoleucine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-isoleucine + 2-oxoglutarate = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by IDO1, TDO2, IDO2, SLC7A5 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 2-oxohexanoateReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. 2-oxohexanoate + L-kynurenine = L-2-aminohexanoate + kynurenate + H2O
  3. 2-oxohexanoate + N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine = L-2-aminohexanoate + 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate

  Catalysed by AFMID, AADAT, AGXT2

• a 2-oxocarboxylateReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. an L-alpha-amino acid(in) + L-kynurenine(out) = an L-alpha-amino acid(out) + L-kynurenine(in)
  3. an L-alpha-amino acid + O2 + H2O = a 2-oxocarboxylate + H2O2 + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by AFMID, SLC7A11, IL4I1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• D-cysteineReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  3. D-cysteine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-cysteine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by AFMID, KYNU, SLC7A10cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• D-serineReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  3. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by AFMID, KYNU, SLC7A10cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 10 routes

• 5-aminolevulinateReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  3. succinyl-CoA + glycine + H(+) = 5-aminolevulinate + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by AFMID, KYAT3, AADAT, ALAS1 and 1 more

• 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acidReach from here →
  1. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  2. transport of isoleucine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Leucine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by IDO1, TDO2, IDO2, SLC7A5 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvateReach from here →
  1. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  2. transport of tryptophan and tyrosine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by IDO1, TDO2, IDO2, SLC7A5 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• glycochenodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  3. chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA + glycine = glycochenodeoxycholate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by AFMID, KYAT3, AADAT, BAAT

• glycochenodeoxycholic acidReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  3. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by AFMID, KYAT3, AADAT, BAATperoxisomeOne of 3 routes

• 3-hydroxyanthranilateReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-kynurenine + NADPH + O2 + H(+) = 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + NADP(+) + H2O
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by AFMID, KMO, KYNU

• N-formylanthranilic acidReach from here →
  1. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  2. L-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)
  3. Formylkynurenine hydrolase

  Catalysed by IDO1, TDO2, IDO2, KYNUcytosol

• glyoxylateReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  3. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by AFMID, KYAT3, AADATOne of 12 routes

• glycolithocholic acidReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  3. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (glycine)

  Catalysed by AFMID, KYAT3, AADAT, BAATcytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-2-amino-3-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  3. Acetyl-CoA:glycine C-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by AFMID, KYAT3, AADAT, GCATmitochondrial matrix

• (6R)-L-erythro-6,7-dihydrobiopterinReach from here →
  1. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  2. (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + L-tryptophan + O2 = 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin
  3. (4aS,6R)-4a-hydroxy-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin = (6R)-L-erythro-6,7-dihydrobiopterin + H2O

  Catalysed by IDO1, TDO2, IDO2, TPH1 and 3 more

• 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanoateReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylsulfanyl)pent-1-en-3-one + O2 = 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanoate + CO + formate + 2 H(+)
  3. 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylsulfanyl)pent-1-en-3-one + O2 = 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanoate + CO + formate + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by AFMID, ADI1

• gamma-Glu-AlaReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  3. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)

  Catalysed by AFMID, KYNU, GGT1, GGT5 and 4 morecytosol, extracellular space

• S(8)-aminomethyldihydrolipoamideReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-kynurenine + glyoxylate = kynurenate + glycine + H2O
  3. dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase ([protein]-N6-(lipoyl)lysine)

  Catalysed by AFMID, KYAT3, AADAT, GLDC and 1 moremitochondrial matrix

• taurineReach from here →
  1. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  2. Transport of L-Tryptophan by Atb0 Transporter
  3. Neurotransmitter:Sodium Symporter (Nss) Tcdb:2.A.22.3.3

  Catalysed by IDO1, TDO2, IDO2, SLC6A14 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• D-alanineReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. L-Kynurenine hydrolase
  3. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by AFMID, KYNU, SLC7A10cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• sarcosineReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. formaldehyde + NAD(+) + H2O = formate + NADH + 2 H(+)
  3. sarcosine + O2 + H2O = formaldehyde + glycine + H2O2

  Catalysed by AFMID, ALDH9A1, PIPOXOne of 3 routes

• (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolateReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + formate + ATP = (6R)-10-formyltetrahydrofolate + ADP + phosphate
  3. (6R)-10-formyltetrahydrofolate + NADP(+) + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + CO2 + NADPH + H(+)

  Catalysed by AFMID, MTHFD1, MTHFD1L, ALDH1L1 and 1 moreOne of 5 routes

• (6R)-5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolateReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + formate + ATP = (6R)-10-formyltetrahydrofolate + ADP + phosphate
  3. (6R)-5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + H2O = (6R)-10-formyltetrahydrofolate + H(+)

  Catalysed by AFMID, MTHFD1, MTHFD1L, MTHFD2 and 1 more

• 2-(N(omega)-L-arginino)succinateReach from here →
  1. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  2. transport of arginine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 2-(Nomega-L-arginino)succinate arginine-lyase (fumarate-forming)

  Catalysed by IDO1, TDO2, IDO2, SLC7A6 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 6 routes

• 4-guanidinobutanoateReach from here →
  1. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  2. transport of arginine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by IDO1, TDO2, IDO2, SLC7A6 and 1 moreextracellular space, cytosol

• 2-oxoadipateReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. 2-oxoadipate + L-kynurenine = L-2-aminoadipate + kynurenate + H2O
  3. L-2-aminoadipate + 2-oxoglutarate = 2-oxoadipate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by AFMID, AADATOne of 2 routes

• L-dopaReach from here →
  1. N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = L-kynurenine + formate + H(+)
  2. Transport of L-Kynurenine
  3. L-dopa(out) + L-phenylalanine(in) = L-dopa(in) + L-phenylalanine(out)

  Catalysed by AFMID, SLC7A8extracellular space, cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMPReach from here →
  1. L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
  2. L-tryptophan(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-tryptophan(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  3. IMP:L-aspartate ligase (GDP-forming)

  Catalysed by IDO1, TDO2, IDO2, SLC7A13 and 2 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosolOne of 2 routes