an acyl-CoA

Three steps

• butyric acidReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. Butyryl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 7 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• adipic acidReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. Activation of adipic acid for Formation of Adipoyl Carnitine
  3. Thioesterification of adipoyl-CoA for Release into Cytosol

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• glutarateReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. Production of Glutaryl Carnitine
  3. glutaryl-CoA + H2O = glutarate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acidReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. ATP citrate lyase (citrate)
  3. D-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• putrescineReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  3. S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine + putrescine = S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + spermidine + H(+)

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 3 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetylmethionine)
  3. L-Methionine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• di-mu-sulfido-diiron(2+)Reach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. De novo synthesis of 2Fe2S

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 8 moremitochondrial matrix

• 1-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-sn-glycerolReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate pool formation and breakdown
  3. 1-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + H2O = 1-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-sn-glycerol + phosphate

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 1-O-hexadecyl-2-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA pool formation and breakdown
  2. octadecanoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + O2 + 2 H(+) = (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O
  3. 1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = 1-O-hexadecyl-2-(9Z)-octadecenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA

  Catalysed by SCD, SCD5, LPCAT4cytosol

• (24S)-hydroxycholesterolReach from here →
  1. an acyl-CoA + cholesterol = a cholesterol ester + CoA
  2. a cholesterol ester + H2O = cholesterol + a fatty acid + H(+)
  3. cholesterol + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = (24S)-hydroxycholesterol + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + H(+)

  Catalysed by SOAT2, SOAT1, CES1, LIPN and 3 more

• D-cysteineReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. D-cysteine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-cysteine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• D-serineReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 10 routes

• an acylcholineReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  3. an acylcholine + H2O = a carboxylate + choline + H(+)

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, nucleus

• 5-aminolevulinateReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. succinyl-CoA + glycine + H(+) = 5-aminolevulinate + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 5 moremitochondrial matrix

• a fatty aldehydeReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol O-acyltransferase
  2. a triacylglycerol + H2O = a diacylglycerol + a fatty acid + H(+)
  3. a fatty aldehyde + NAD(+) + H2O = a fatty acid + NADH + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by DGAT1, MOGAT2, MOGAT3, MOGAT1 and 21 morecytosol

• 12-hydroxydodecanoateReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA pool formation and breakdown
  2. Lauroyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. alkane 1-monooxygenase (lauric acid)

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, ACOT1, ACOT13 and 2 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• chenodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. Propanoyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase
  3. chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• glycochenodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA + glycine = glycochenodeoxycholate + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 4 moremitochondrial matrix

• taurocholateReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase
  3. Choloyl-CoA:glycine N-choloyltransferase

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, peroxisomeOne of 5 routes

• taurodeoxycholateReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. cholate-CoA ligase (3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanate)
  3. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 3 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• glycochenodeoxycholic acidReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. Propanoyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase
  3. bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, peroxisomeOne of 5 routes

• glyoxylateReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. glycine + 2-oxoglutarate = glyoxylate + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 4 moremitochondrial matrixOne of 11 routes

• a 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. Acyl-CoA:1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine O-acyltransferase
  2. a 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O = a 1-O-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + a fatty acid + H(+)
  3. a 1-O-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + acetyl-CoA = a 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA

  Catalysed by LPCAT4, LPCAT3, LPCAT2, LPCAT1 and 6 morecytosol

• CHEBI:36882Reach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. Itaconate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming)
  3. (3S)-citramalyl-CoA hydro-lyase (itaconyl-CoA-forming)

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 4 moremitochondrial matrix

• 3-hydroxyisovaleric acidReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. (3-Hydroxyisovalerylcoa->3-Hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine)
  3. Formation of 3-Hydroxy-Isovalerate

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanoateReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. phytanate-CoA ligase
  3. peroxisomal acyl-CoA thioesterase

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, peroxisomeOne of 3 routes

• sphingosine 1-phosphateReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. ATP:sphingosine 1-phosphotransferase

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 7 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatus, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• glycolithocholic acidReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (glycine)

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-2-amino-3-oxobutanoic acidReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. Acetyl-CoA:glycine C-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 4 moremitochondrial matrix

• D-glucopyranose 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol) + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol) + CoA
  2. a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol) + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1-phosphate + a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + H(+)
  3. inositol-3-phosphate synthase (inositol-1-phosphate)

  Catalysed by LCLAT1, MBOAT7, PLCG1, PLCD1 and 7 morecytosol

• 25-hydroxycholesterolReach from here →
  1. an acyl-CoA + cholesterol = a cholesterol ester + CoA
  2. a cholesterol ester + H2O = cholesterol + a fatty acid + H(+)
  3. cholesterol + AH2 + O2 = 25-hydroxycholesterol + A + H2O

  Catalysed by SOAT2, SOAT1, CES1, LIPN and 3 moreOne of 3 routes

• (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. Production of Glutaryl Carnitine
  3. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate + glutaryl-CoA = (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + glutarate

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• all-trans-4-oxoretinolReach from here →
  1. all-trans-retinol + an acyl-CoA = an all-trans-retinyl ester + CoA
  2. carboxylesterase (retinyl-ester)
  3. cytochrome P450 (retinol)

  Catalysed by DGAT1, PNPLA4, AWAT2, DGAT2 and 20 morecytosol

• phosphoenolpyruvic acidReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. ATP citrate lyase (citrate)
  3. GTP:oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (adding GTP

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 13-cis-retinolReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA:retinol O-acyltransferase
  3. 11-cis-retinol = 13-cis-retinol

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• spermineReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  3. S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine + spermidine = spermine + S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + H(+)

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 3 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• N-octanoylsphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. an acyl-CoA + cholesterol = a cholesterol ester + CoA
  2. a cholesterol ester + H2O = cholesterol + a fatty acid + H(+)
  3. beta-D-glucosyl-N-octanoylsphing-4E-enine + cholesterol = N-octanoylsphing-4-enine + cholesteryl 3-beta-D-glucoside

  Catalysed by SOAT2, SOAT1, CES1, LIPN and 3 more

• L-ornithineReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)
  3. taurine + L-arginine = taurocyamine + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 17 routes

• N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. 1-O-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + sphing-4-enine = 1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H(+)

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• (24R)-hydroxycholesterolReach from here →
  1. an acyl-CoA + cholesterol = a cholesterol ester + CoA
  2. a cholesterol ester + H2O = cholesterol + a fatty acid + H(+)
  3. cholesterol + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = (24R)-hydroxycholesterol + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + H(+)

  Catalysed by SOAT2, SOAT1, CES1, LIPN and 3 more

• gamma-Glu-AlaReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, extracellular space, cytosol

• S(8)-aminomethyldihydrolipoamideReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase ([protein]-N6-(lipoyl)lysine)

  Catalysed by GPAT3, GPAT2, GPAT4, GPAM and 5 moremitochondrial matrix

• all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinolReach from here →
  1. all-trans-retinol + an acyl-CoA = an all-trans-retinyl ester + CoA
  2. carboxylesterase (retinyl-ester)
  3. all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + A = all-trans-retinol + AH2

  Catalysed by DGAT1, PNPLA4, AWAT2, DGAT2 and 20 morecytosol

• 1,2-di-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerolReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA pool formation and breakdown
  2. octadecanoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + O2 + 2 H(+) = (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O
  3. 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = 1,2-di-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by SCD, SCD5, DGAT1, MOGAT2 and 4 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• 1,2-di-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycerolReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA pool formation and breakdown
  2. octadecanoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + O2 + 2 H(+) = (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O
  3. 2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA = 1,2-di-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by SCD, SCD5, DGAT1, MOGAT3 and 1 morecytosol

• N-(2-hydroxytetracosanoyl)-sphinganineReach from here →
  1. sphingosine N-acyltransferase (sphinganine)
  2. an N-acylsphinganine + H2O = sphinganine + a fatty acid
  3. 2-hydroxytetracosanoyl-CoA + sphinganine = N-(2-hydroxytetracosanoyl)-sphinganine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by CERS1, CERS6, CERS3, CERS5 and 5 morecytosol

• 2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-glycerolReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA pool formation and breakdown
  2. Arachidonyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. fatty acid amide hydrolase (2-arachidonoylglycerol)

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 2 morecytosol

• an N-acylethanolamineReach from here →
  1. a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA
  2. a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = an N-acyl-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H(+)
  3. an N-acyl-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + H2O = an N-acylethanolamine + a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by LPGAT1, PLA2G4E, PLAAT5, PLAAT2 and 1 more

• 1,2,3-tri-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerolReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA pool formation and breakdown
  2. Oleoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. 1,2-di-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + (9Z)-octadecenoate + H(+) = 1,2,3-tri-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-glycerol + H2O

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 6 morecytosolOne of 4 routes

• 16-hydroxyhexadecanoateReach from here →
  1. acyl-CoA pool formation and breakdown
  2. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. Fatty Acid Omega Oxidation (C16->W-Ohc16), Endoplasmatic Reticulum

  Catalysed by ACOT7, BAAT, THEM4, ACOT1 and 3 morecytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 2 routes