spermidine

Three steps

• N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. 1-O-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + sphing-4-enine = 1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + N-(acetyl)-sphing-4-enine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 3 morecytosol, Golgi apparatusOne of 3 routes

• a 1,3-diacylglycerolReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 1-acylglycerol + an acyl-CoA = a 1,3-diacylglycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 4 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• a 1,2-diacylglycerolReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 2-acylglycerol + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacylglycerol + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 7 morecytosol, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• gamma-Glu-AlaReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GGT1, GGT5 and 4 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular space

• S(8)-aminomethyldihydrolipoamideReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase ([protein]-N6-(lipoyl)lysine)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• an N-acylsphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. sphing-4-enine + a fatty acyl-CoA = an N-acylsphing-4-enine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 8 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• N-tetracosanoylsphinganineReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lignocerate)
  3. tetracosanoyl-CoA + sphinganine = N-tetracosanoylsphinganine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 9 morecytosol

• N-hexacosanoylsphinganineReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cerotic acid)
  3. hexacosanoyl-CoA + sphinganine = N-hexacosanoylsphinganine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 9 morecytosol

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serineReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 5 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• succinyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. aldehyde dehydrogenase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)
  3. (R)-methylmalonyl-CoA = succinyl-CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ALDH6A1, MMUTcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (2E)-butenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. butanoyl-CoA:electron-transfer flavoprotein 2,3-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ACSM4, ACSM1 and 6 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• 3-methyl-(2E)-glutaconyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. glycine-N-acyltransferase (3-methylcrotonoylglycine)
  3. 3-Methylcrotonoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, MCCC1 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 3-oxohexadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. tetradecanoyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H(+) = 3-oxohexadecanoyl-CoA + CO2 + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 8 morecytosol

• (2E)-glutaconyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. Production of Glutaryl Carnitine
  3. glutaryl-CoA + O2 = (2E)-glutaconyl-CoA + H2O2

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CPT1A, CPT1C and 2 morecytosol

• acryloyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. Propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (propanoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ACSS3, ACSS2 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (dihomo-gamma-linolenate)
  3. (8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatrienoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + O2 + 2 H(+) = (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosol

• hexadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. (2E)-hexadecenoyl-CoA + NADPH + H(+) = hexadecanoyl-CoA + NADP(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CPT1A, CPT1C and 2 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. octadecanoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + O2 + 2 H(+) = (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 7 morecytosol

• propanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA hydrolase
  3. (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA + H(+) = propanoyl-CoA + CO2

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ECHDC1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• D-alanineReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC7A10cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• sarcosineReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. sarcosine + O2 + H2O = formaldehyde + glycine + H2O2

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• 7,8-dihydrofolateReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)
  3. uridine(34) in tRNA + 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + taurine + GTP + A + H2O = 5-taurinomethyluridine(34) in tRNA + 7,8-dihydrofolate + GDP + AH2 + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, BAAT, MTO1cytosol

• (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolateReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. (6R)-5,10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + glycine + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-serine

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 2-(N(omega)-L-arginino)succinateReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. Transport by Y+Lat-2 into Extracellular Space
  3. 2-(Nomega-L-arginino)succinate arginine-lyase (fumarate-forming)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC3A2, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 4-guanidinobutanoateReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. Transport by Y+Lat-2 into Extracellular Space
  3. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC3A2, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. N8-acetylspermidine to spermidine conversion
  2. N(8)-acetylspermidine + H2O = spermidine + acetate
  3. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + acetate

  Catalysed by HDAC10, AMDHD2cytosol

• 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. Palmitate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase (palmitoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 10 morecytosol

• a 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. dihydroxyacetone phosphate + an acyl-CoA = a 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphate + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 3 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• O-acetyl-(R)-carnitineReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase
  3. Acetyl-CoA:carnitine O-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, CPT1A, CPT1C and 1 morecytosolOne of 9 routes

• 3-guanidinopropanoateReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. Transport by Y+Lat-2 into Extracellular Space
  3. beta-alanine + L-arginine = 3-guanidinopropanoate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC3A2, SLC7A6 and 1 morecytosol, extracellular space

• L-histidineReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. Transport by Y+Lat-2 into Extracellular Space
  3. L-histidine(out) + L-arginine(in) + Na(+)(out) = L-histidine(in) + L-arginine(out) + Na(+)(in)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC3A2, SLC7A6cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 5 routes

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 3 morecytosol, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• D-ornithineReach from here →
  1. S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine + putrescine = S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + spermidine + H(+)
  2. L-ornithine + H(+) = putrescine + CO2
  3. D-ornithine(in) + L-ornithine(out) = D-ornithine(out) + L-ornithine(in)

  Catalysed by SRM, ODC1, SLC25A2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• an N-acylglycineReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. an acyl-CoA + glycine = an N-acylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 5 morecytosol, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoateReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)
  3. L-Cysteine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, NAGS, GOT2 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• succinate semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. spermidine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase
  2. 4-Aminobutyraldehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase
  3. 4-aminobutanoate + 2-oxoglutarate = succinate semialdehyde + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by ALDH2, ALDH1B1, ALDH9A1, ALDH7A1 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• guanidinoacetateReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 4 routes

• D-threonineReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. D-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC7A10cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol)Reach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol) + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1D-myo-inositol) + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 4 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• L-tryptophanReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. transport of glycine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix, extracellular spaceOne of 26 routes

• glutathioneReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine + ATP = glutathione + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• L-threonineReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, SLC7A10cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• L-saccharopineReach from here →
  1. deoxyhypusine synthase (1,3-diaminopropane)
  2. deoxyhypusine synthase (1,3-diaminopropane)
  3. N6-(L-1,3-Dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NADP+ oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming)

  Catalysed by DHPS, AASScytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, KYNUcytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• beta-alanineReach from here →
  1. S-adenosylmethioninamine:spermidine 3-aminopropyltransferase
  2. spermidine:oxygen oxidoreductase (spermidine-forming)
  3. Beta-Aminopropion Aldehyde:NAD+ Oxidoreductase, Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by SRM, SMS, SMOX, ALDH2 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 6 routes

• a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase
  3. sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + an acyl-CoA = a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + CoA

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, ASAH1, ACER2 and 6 morecytosol, Golgi apparatus

• leukotriene C4Reach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)
  3. leukotriene C4 hydrolysis

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• taurocyamineReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)
  3. taurine + L-arginine = taurocyamine + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, BAAT, GATMcytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-glutamate 5-semialdehydeReach from here →
  1. S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine + putrescine = S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + spermidine + H(+)
  2. L-ornithine + H(+) = putrescine + CO2
  3. L-ornithine + 2-oxoglutarate = L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + L-glutamate

  Catalysed by SRM, ODC1, OAT

• L-cysteateReach from here →
  1. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)
  2. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)
  3. L-cysteate + H(+) = taurine + CO2

  Catalysed by SAT1, SAT2, BAAT, GADL1 and 1 morecytosol