a ganglioside GM3 (d18:1(4E))

Three steps

• formic acidReach from here →
  1. exo-alpha-sialidase (GM3)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. transport of formate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by NEU4, NEU1, NEU3, NEU2 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• propionic acidReach from here →
  1. exo-alpha-sialidase (GM3)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. transport of propanoate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by NEU4, NEU1, NEU3, NEU2 and 7 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• butyric acidReach from here →
  1. exo-alpha-sialidase (GM3)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. transport of butyrate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by NEU4, NEU1, NEU3, NEU2 and 7 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 3-hydroxypyruvic acidReach from here →
  1. exo-alpha-sialidase (GM3)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. L-Serine:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by NEU4, NEU1, NEU3, NEU2 and 2 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. exo-alpha-sialidase (GM3)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. 3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine = beta-alanine + pyruvate

  Catalysed by NEU4, NEU1, NEU3, NEU2 and 2 morecytosol

• D-serineReach from here →
  1. exo-alpha-sialidase (GM3)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by NEU4, NEU1, NEU3, NEU2 and 2 morecytosol

• D-galactoseReach from here →
  1. exo-alpha-sialidase (GM3)
  2. alpha 1,4-galactosyltransferase (P blood group) (LacCer pool)
  3. a globoside Gb3Cer (d18:1(4E)) + H2O = a beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc-(1<->1)-Cer(d18:1(4E)) + D-galactose

  Catalysed by NEU4, NEU1, NEU3, NEU2 and 2 morecytosol

• D-glucoseReach from here →
  1. exo-alpha-sialidase (GM3)
  2. beta-D-Galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide galactohydrolase
  3. D-Glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine glucohydrolase

  Catalysed by NEU4, NEU1, NEU3, NEU2 and 7 morecytosol, lysosomeOne of 3 routes

• (R)-lactic acidReach from here →
  1. exo-alpha-sialidase (GM3)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. (R)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by NEU4, NEU1, NEU3, NEU2 and 2 morecytosol

• (S)-lactic acidReach from here →
  1. exo-alpha-sialidase (GM3)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. (S)-Lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by NEU4, NEU1, NEU3, NEU2 and 3 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 5 routes

• 2-iminopropanoateReach from here →
  1. exo-alpha-sialidase (GM3)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. 2-iminopropanoate + H2O = pyruvate + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by NEU4, NEU1, NEU3, NEU2 and 2 morecytosol

• phosphoenolpyruvic acidReach from here →
  1. exo-alpha-sialidase (GM3)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)

  Catalysed by NEU4, NEU1, NEU3, NEU2 and 3 morecytosol

• N-acetyl-D-glucosamineReach from here →
  1. exo-alpha-sialidase (GM3)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 2-epimerase

  Catalysed by NEU4, NEU1, NEU3, NEU2 and 2 morecytosol

• taurineReach from here →
  1. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
  2. solute carrier (acetyl-CoA)
  3. bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (taurodeoxycholate)

  Catalysed by ST8SIA1, SLC33A1, BAATcytosolOne of 2 routes

• an N-acylsphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. exo-alpha-sialidase (GM3)
  2. beta-D-Galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide galactohydrolase
  3. D-Glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine glucohydrolase

  Catalysed by NEU4, NEU1, NEU3, NEU2 and 7 morecytosol, lysosomeOne of 3 routes

• a 3-acylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. exo-alpha-sialidase (GM3)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. a 3-acylpyruvate + H2O = a carboxylate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by NEU4, NEU1, NEU3, NEU2 and 2 morecytosol

• glycineReach from here →
  1. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
  2. solute carrier (acetyl-CoA)
  3. glycine N-acyltransferase (N-arachidonoylglycine)

  Catalysed by ST8SIA1, SLC33A1, GLYAT, GLYATL2 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 10 routes

• (R)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
  2. solute carrier (acetyl-CoA)
  3. aldehyde dehydrogenase (2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate)

  Catalysed by ST8SIA1, SLC33A1, ALDH6A1cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (S)-methylmalonyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
  2. solute carrier (acetyl-CoA)
  3. (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA hydrolase

  Catalysed by ST8SIA1, SLC33A1cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• 3'-dephospho-CoAReach from here →
  1. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
  2. solute carrier (acetyl-CoA)
  3. acid phosphatase 2, lysosomal (CoA)

  Catalysed by ST8SIA1, SLC33A1, ACP2cytosol, lysosomeOne of 2 routes

• (2E)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
  2. solute carrier (acetyl-CoA)
  3. (2E)-dodecenoyl-CoA formation

  Catalysed by ST8SIA1, SLC33A1cytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• 4,8,12-trimethyltridecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
  2. solute carrier (acetyl-CoA)
  3. propanoyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-ketopristanoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by ST8SIA1, SLC33A1, ACAA1, MYO5Bcytosol, peroxisomeOne of 2 routes

• (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
  2. solute carrier (acetyl-CoA)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (gamma-linolenate)

  Catalysed by ST8SIA1, SLC33A1, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 7 routes

• butanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
  2. solute carrier (acetyl-CoA)
  3. Butanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by ST8SIA1, SLC33A1, ACSM4, ACSM1 and 4 morecytosolOne of 9 routes

• dodecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
  2. solute carrier (acetyl-CoA)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)

  Catalysed by ST8SIA1, SLC33A1, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 9 routes

• glutaryl-CoAReach from here →
  1. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
  2. solute carrier (acetyl-CoA)
  3. Production of Glutaryl Carnitine

  Catalysed by ST8SIA1, SLC33A1, CPT1A, CPT1C and 1 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• eicosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
  2. solute carrier (acetyl-CoA)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)

  Catalysed by ST8SIA1, SLC33A1, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 12 routes

• itaconyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
  2. solute carrier (acetyl-CoA)
  3. Itaconate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming)

  Catalysed by ST8SIA1, SLC33A1, SUCLG1, SUCLG2 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
  2. solute carrier (acetyl-CoA)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)

  Catalysed by ST8SIA1, SLC33A1, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 13 routes

• tetradecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
  2. solute carrier (acetyl-CoA)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)

  Catalysed by ST8SIA1, SLC33A1, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 6 morecytosolOne of 11 routes

• octanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
  2. solute carrier (acetyl-CoA)
  3. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase

  Catalysed by ST8SIA1, SLC33A1, CROTcytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 20 routes

• phytanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
  2. solute carrier (acetyl-CoA)
  3. phytanate-CoA ligase

  Catalysed by ST8SIA1, SLC33A1cytosolOne of 5 routes

• octadecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
  2. solute carrier (acetyl-CoA)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)

  Catalysed by ST8SIA1, SLC33A1, SLC27A2, ACSL4 and 5 morecytosolOne of 15 routes

• 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoateReach from here →
  1. exo-alpha-sialidase (GM3)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + [thioredoxin]-dithiol = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by NEU4, NEU1, NEU3, NEU2 and 2 morecytosol

• 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. exo-alpha-sialidase (GM3)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by NEU4, NEU1, NEU3, NEU2 and 2 morecytosol

• sphing-4-enineReach from here →
  1. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
  2. solute carrier (acetyl-CoA)
  3. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ST8SIA1, SLC33A1, ASAH1, ACER2 and 2 morecytosol, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• spermidineReach from here →
  1. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
  2. solute carrier (acetyl-CoA)
  3. diamine N-acetyltransferase (N1-acetylspermidine)

  Catalysed by ST8SIA1, SLC33A1, SAT1, SAT2cytosolOne of 3 routes

• L-methionineReach from here →
  1. exo-alpha-sialidase (GM3)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. N(1)-methylguanosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 4-demethylwyosine(37) in tRNA(Phe) + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + CO2 + H2O

  Catalysed by NEU4, NEU1, NEU3, NEU2 and 3 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• L-alanineReach from here →
  1. exo-alpha-sialidase (GM3)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. (R)-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by NEU4, NEU1, NEU3, NEU2 and 2 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 19 routes

• L-asparagineReach from here →
  1. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
  2. solute carrier (acetyl-CoA)
  3. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-asparagine)

  Catalysed by ST8SIA1, SLC33A1, NAGScytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• L,L-cystathionineReach from here →
  1. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
  2. solute carrier (acetyl-CoA)
  3. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cystathionine)

  Catalysed by ST8SIA1, SLC33A1, NAGScytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphateReach from here →
  1. exo-alpha-sialidase (GM3)
  2. beta-D-Galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide galactohydrolase
  3. galactokinase (galactose)

  Catalysed by NEU4, NEU1, NEU3, NEU2 and 6 morecytosol, lysosomeOne of 2 routes

• an acyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
  2. solute carrier (acetyl-CoA)
  3. acyl-CoA:sphingosine N-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by ST8SIA1, SLC33A1, ASAH1, ACER2 and 2 morecytosol, Golgi apparatusOne of 2 routes

• (3Z)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
  2. solute carrier (acetyl-CoA)
  3. acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-oxomyrist-5-enoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by ST8SIA1, SLC33A1, HADHA, ACAA2 and 1 morecytosol, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphateReach from here →
  1. exo-alpha-sialidase (GM3)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. ATP:N-acyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphotransferase

  Catalysed by NEU4, NEU1, NEU3, NEU2 and 2 morecytosolOne of 2 routes

• a neolactoside IV(3)-alpha-NeuAc-nLc4Cer(d18:1(4E))Reach from here →
  1. exo-alpha-sialidase (GM3)
  2. CTP:N-acetylneuraminate cytidylyltransferase
  3. ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)

  Catalysed by NEU4, NEU1, NEU3, NEU2 and 2 morecytosol, nucleusOne of 3 routes

• (3S)-citramalyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. exo-alpha-sialidase (GM3)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. (3S)-citramalyl-CoA = pyruvate + acetyl-CoA

  Catalysed by NEU4, NEU1, NEU3, NEU2 and 2 morecytosol

• (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-oyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
  2. solute carrier (acetyl-CoA)
  3. 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by ST8SIA1, SLC33A1, SLC27A2, SLC27A5cytosol, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 3 routes

• 5-amino-2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. exo-alpha-sialidase (GM3)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. L-ornithine + pyruvate = 5-amino-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by NEU4, NEU1, NEU3, NEU2 and 2 morecytosol

• deoxycholoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate)
  2. solute carrier (acetyl-CoA)
  3. cholate-CoA ligase (3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanate)

  Catalysed by ST8SIA1, SLC33A1, SLC27A2, SLC27A5cytosolOne of 4 routes