L-aspartate

Three steps

• (13R)-hydroxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoateReach from here →
  1. L-aspartate(in) + L-methionine(out) = L-aspartate(out) + L-methionine(in)
  2. N(6)-L-threonylcarbamoyladenosine(37) in tRNA + (sulfur carrier)-SH + AH2 + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2-methylsulfanyl-N(6)-L-threonylcarbamoyladenosine(37) in tRNA + (sulfur carrier)-H + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + A + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 2 H(+)
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoate + AH2 + O2 = (13R)-hydroxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoate + A + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A13, CDKAL1, PTGS1, PTGS2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• acetoacetateReach from here →
  1. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  2. Oxaloacetate Decarboxylase
  3. transport of acetoacetate and pyruvate (cytosol to mitochondria)

  Catalysed by GOT2, FAHD1mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 6 routes

• 2-[(11R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,12E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. L-aspartate(in) + L-methionine(out) = L-aspartate(out) + L-methionine(in)
  2. N(6)-L-threonylcarbamoyladenosine(37) in tRNA + (sulfur carrier)-SH + AH2 + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2-methylsulfanyl-N(6)-L-threonylcarbamoyladenosine(37) in tRNA + (sulfur carrier)-H + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + A + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 2 H(+)
  3. 2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + AH2 + O2 = 2-[(11R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,12E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A13, CDKAL1, PTGS2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 2-[(15R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. L-aspartate(in) + L-methionine(out) = L-aspartate(out) + L-methionine(in)
  2. N(6)-L-threonylcarbamoyladenosine(37) in tRNA + (sulfur carrier)-SH + AH2 + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2-methylsulfanyl-N(6)-L-threonylcarbamoyladenosine(37) in tRNA + (sulfur carrier)-H + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + A + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 2 H(+)
  3. 2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + AH2 + O2 = 2-[(15R)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A13, CDKAL1, PTGS2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 2-[(15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. L-aspartate(in) + L-methionine(out) = L-aspartate(out) + L-methionine(in)
  2. N(6)-L-threonylcarbamoyladenosine(37) in tRNA + (sulfur carrier)-SH + AH2 + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2-methylsulfanyl-N(6)-L-threonylcarbamoyladenosine(37) in tRNA + (sulfur carrier)-H + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + A + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 2 H(+)
  3. 2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + AH2 + O2 = 2-[(15S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A13, CDKAL1, PTGS2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazoleReach from here →
  1. L-aspartate(in) + L-glutamine(out) = L-aspartate(out) + L-glutamine(in)
  2. N(2)-formyl-N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + L-glutamine + ATP + H2O = 2-formamido-N(1)-(5-O-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)acetamidine + L-glutamate + ADP + phosphate + H(+)
  3. 2-formamido-N(1)-(5-O-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)acetamidine + ATP = 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A13, PFAS, GARTinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 2-(prostaglandin H2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamineReach from here →
  1. L-aspartate(in) + L-methionine(out) = L-aspartate(out) + L-methionine(in)
  2. N(6)-L-threonylcarbamoyladenosine(37) in tRNA + (sulfur carrier)-SH + AH2 + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2-methylsulfanyl-N(6)-L-threonylcarbamoyladenosine(37) in tRNA + (sulfur carrier)-H + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + A + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 2 H(+)
  3. 2-(prostaglandin G2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + AH2 = 2-(prostaglandin H2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A13, CDKAL1, PTGS2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 2-(prostaglandin H2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineReach from here →
  1. L-aspartate(in) + L-methionine(out) = L-aspartate(out) + L-methionine(in)
  2. N(6)-L-threonylcarbamoyladenosine(37) in tRNA + (sulfur carrier)-SH + AH2 + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2-methylsulfanyl-N(6)-L-threonylcarbamoyladenosine(37) in tRNA + (sulfur carrier)-H + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + A + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 2 H(+)
  3. 2-(prostaglandin G2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + AH2 = 2-(prostaglandin H2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + A + H2O

  Catalysed by SLC7A13, CDKAL1, PTGS2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• N-(4-oxoglutaryl)-L-cysteinylglycineReach from here →
  1. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  2. gamma-glutamyltransferase (alanine)
  3. N-(4-oxoglutaryl)-L-cysteinylglycine + H2O = L-cysteinylglycine + 2-oxoglutarate

  Catalysed by AGXT2, GGTLC3, GGT1, GGT5 and 4 morecytosol

• 2-hydroxyoctanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  2. Octanoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-octanoyltransferase
  3. octanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2-hydroxyoctanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2

  Catalysed by NAT8L, CROT, PHYHmitochondrial matrix

• 2-hydroxydecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  2. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (decanoic acid)
  3. decanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2-hydroxydecanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2

  Catalysed by NAT8L, ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 2-hydroxyeicosanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (eicosanoate)
  3. eicosanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2-hydroxyeicosanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2

  Catalysed by NAT8L, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 2-hydroxydodecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (lauric acid)
  3. dodecanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2-hydroxydodecanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2

  Catalysed by NAT8L, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 2-hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. tetradecanoyl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2-hydroxytetradecanoyl-CoA + succinate + CO2

  Catalysed by NAT8L, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 11-cis-retinyl tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. 11-cis-retinol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = 11-cis-retinyl tetradecanoate + CoA

  Catalysed by NAT8L, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 9-cis-retinyl tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. 9-cis-retinol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = 9-cis-retinyl tetradecanoate + CoA

  Catalysed by NAT8L, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 13-cis-retinyl tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. 13-cis-retinol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = 13-cis-retinyl tetradecanoate + CoA

  Catalysed by NAT8L, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• all-trans-retinyl tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. all-trans-retinol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = all-trans-retinyl tetradecanoate + CoA

  Catalysed by NAT8L, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• tetradecyl tetradecanoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (myristic acid)
  3. tetradecan-1-ol + tetradecanoyl-CoA = tetradecyl tetradecanoate + CoA

  Catalysed by NAT8L, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (DHA)
  3. (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoyl-CoA + 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphate = 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-2-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + CoA

  Catalysed by NAT8L, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• a phenyl acetateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  2. N-Acetyl-L-aspartate amidohydrolase
  3. a phenyl acetate + H2O = a phenol + acetate + H(+)

  Catalysed by NAT8L, ASPA, ACY3, PON1 and 2 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• N-hexadecanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. L-aspartate:L-glutamine amido-ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. transport of asparagine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. hexadecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-hexadecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by ASNS, GLYATL3cytosol, extracellular space

• N-dodecanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. L-aspartate:L-glutamine amido-ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. transport of asparagine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. dodecanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-dodecanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by ASNS, GLYATL2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• N-decanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. L-aspartate:L-glutamine amido-ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. transport of asparagine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. decanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-decanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by ASNS, GLYATL2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• N-octanoylglycineReach from here →
  1. L-aspartate:L-glutamine amido-ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. transport of asparagine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. octanoyl-CoA + glycine = N-octanoylglycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by ASNS, GLYATL2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• D-histidineReach from here →
  1. L-aspartate:L-glutamine amido-ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. transport of asparagine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. D-histidine(in) + L-ornithine(out) + H(+)(in) = D-histidine(out) + L-ornithine(in) + H(+)(out)

  Catalysed by ASNS, SLC7A6, SLC25A2cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-homoarginineReach from here →
  1. L-Citrulline:L-aspartate ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. 2-(Nomega-L-arginino)succinate arginine-lyase (fumarate-forming)
  3. L-homoarginine(in) + L-arginine(out) = L-homoarginine(out) + L-arginine(in)

  Catalysed by ASS1, ASL, SLC25A29cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• L-homocarnosineReach from here →
  1. L-aspartate:L-glutamine amido-ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. transport of asparagine and histidine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Formation of homocarnosine

  Catalysed by ASNS, SLC7A6, CARNS1cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• 2',3'-cGAMPReach from here →
  1. 1-(5-Phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-carboxyimidazole:L-aspartate ligase (ADP-forming)
  2. 1-(5'-Phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-(N-succinocarboxamide)-imidazole AMP-lyase
  3. 2',3'-cGAMP(out) + 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide(in) = 2',3'-cGAMP(in) + 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide(out)

  Catalysed by PAICS, ADSL, SLC19A1cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamideReach from here →
  1. L-aspartate:L-glutamine amido-ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. transport of asparagine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 5-phospho-beta-D-ribosylamine + glycine + ATP = N(1)-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + ADP + phosphate + H(+)

  Catalysed by ASNS, GARTcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• indoxyl sulfateReach from here →
  1. L-aspartate(in) + sulfate(out) = L-aspartate(out) + sulfate(in)
  2. a dicarboxylate(in) + sulfate(out) = a dicarboxylate(out) + sulfate(in)
  3. indoxyl sulfate(out) + a dicarboxylate(in) = indoxyl sulfate(in) + a dicarboxylate(out)

  Catalysed by SLC25A14, SLC25A30, SLC25A35, SLC25A34 and 2 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• an N-octadecanoyl-sphingoid baseReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (stearate)
  3. a sphingoid base + octadecanoyl-CoA = an N-octadecanoyl-sphingoid base + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by NAT8L, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• 2-amino-2-deoxy-6-phospho-D-glucono-1,5-lactoneReach from here →
  1. L-aspartate(in) + L-glutamine(out) = L-aspartate(out) + L-glutamine(in)
  2. D-fructose 6-phosphate + L-glutamine = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + L-glutamate
  3. D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + NADP(+) = 2-amino-2-deoxy-6-phospho-D-glucono-1,5-lactone + NADPH + 2 H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A13, GFPT2, GFPT1, H6PDinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• glycyldehydrophenylalanineReach from here →
  1. L-aspartate:L-glutamine amido-ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. transport of asparagine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. glycyldehydrophenylalanine + H2O = 2,3-didehydrophenylalanine + glycine

  Catalysed by ASNS, DPEP1cytosol, extracellular space

• kinetensin-(1-8)Reach from here →
  1. L-leucine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-leucine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  2. Chymase
  3. kinetensin + H2O = kinetensin-(1-8) + L-leucine

  Catalysed by SLC7A13, CMA1, ACE2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space

• an N-(fatty acyl)-glycineReach from here →
  1. L-aspartate:L-glutamine amido-ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. transport of asparagine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. a fatty acyl-CoA + glycine = an N-(fatty acyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by ASNS, GLYATL2cytosol, extracellular space

• 1-(10Z-heptadecenoyl)-2-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  2. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((6Z,9Z)-octadecadienoic acid)
  3. 1-(10Z-heptadecenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA = 1-(10Z-heptadecenoyl)-2-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + CoA

  Catalysed by NAT8L, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 6 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• N-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-glycineReach from here →
  1. L-aspartate:L-glutamine amido-ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. transport of asparagine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + glycine = N-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-glycine + CoA + H(+)

  Catalysed by ASNS, GLYATL2cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• cholesteryl (7Z)-octadecenoateReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  2. carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase ((7Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA)
  3. (7Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + cholesterol = cholesteryl (7Z)-octadecenoate + CoA

  Catalysed by NAT8L, CPT1A, CPT1C, CPT1B and 1 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• acetaldehydeReach from here →
  1. L-aspartate:L-glutamine amido-ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. transport of asparagine and threonine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-threonine acetaldehyde-lyase (glycine-forming)

  Catalysed by ASNS, SLC7A5cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• acetylcholineReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  3. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase

  Catalysed by NAT8L, CHATmitochondrial matrix, nucleus, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• acetylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  2. Oxaloacetate Decarboxylase
  3. acetylpyruvate + H2O = acetate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by GOT2, FAHD1mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• all-trans-retinoic acidReach from here →
  1. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  2. Oxaloacetate Decarboxylase
  3. transport of pyruvate and retinoate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GOT2, FAHD1, SLC16A4, SLC16A5 and 4 moremitochondrial matrix, cytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• CHEBI:15467Reach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetoacetate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)
  3. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (acetoacetyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by NAT8L, AACS, HMGCS1mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• D-threo-isocitrateReach from here →
  1. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  2. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  3. citrate = D-threo-isocitrate

  Catalysed by GOT2, CS, ACO1, ACO2mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:15611Reach from here →
  1. L-aspartate:L-glutamine amido-ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. transport of asparagine and glycine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:glycine N-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by ASNS, GNMTcytosol, extracellular space

• 15(S)-HPETEReach from here →
  1. L-cystine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SLC7A13, GPX5, GPX1, GPX2 and 6 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• trans-aconitateReach from here →
  1. L-Aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase
  2. acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase (thioester-hydrolysing)
  3. trans-aconitate(in) + citrate(out) = trans-aconitate(out) + citrate(in)

  Catalysed by GOT2, CS, SLC25A1mitochondrial matrix, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• betaine aldehydeReach from here →
  1. acetyl-CoA:L-aspartate N-acetyltransferase
  2. Acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase
  3. choline dehydrogenase (choline)

  Catalysed by NAT8L, CHAT, CHDHmitochondrial matrix, nucleus, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• trimethylenediamineReach from here →
  1. L-aspartate:L-glutamine amido-ligase (AMP-forming)
  2. transport of asparagine and lysine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. deoxyhypusine synthase (1,3-diaminopropane)

  Catalysed by ASNS, SLC7A6, DHPScytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes