glutathione disulfide

Three steps

• CHEBI:37946Reach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of dopamine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. aryl sulfotransferase (dopamine)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 11 morecytosol, extracellular space

• (R)-lactic acidReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal-lyase (isomerizing)
  3. (R)-S-Lactoylglutathione hydrolase

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 9 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• (S)-lactic acidReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and prostaglandin A2 (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Transport of Prostaglandin A2, Lactate Antiport

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 10 routes

• 2-iminopropanoateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. 2-iminopropanoate + H2O = pyruvate + NH4(+)

  Catalysed by CTH, RIDAcytosol

• phosphoenolpyruvic acidReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)

  Catalysed by CTH, PKM, PKLRcytosol

• N-acetyl-beta-neuraminic acidReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)

  Catalysed by CTH, NPLcytosol

• L-ornithineReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of cysteine and ornithine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 23 routes

• N-methylserotoninReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:amine N-methyltransferase

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular space

• Cu(+)Reach from here →
  1. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  2. L-dehydroascorbate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + L-ascorbate
  3. Cu(2+)(out) + L-ascorbate(in) = Cu(+)(out) + monodehydro-L-ascorbate radical(in) + H(+)

  Catalysed by GSR, CLIC1, GSTO1, GSTO2 and 1 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetaldehydeReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and serotonin (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 5-Hydroxytryptamine:oxygen oxidoreductase(deaminating)(flavin-containing)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 9 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 2-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoyl)-glycerolReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. fatty acid amide hydrolase (2-arachidonoylglycerol)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamideReach from here →
  1. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  2. a quinone + hydrogen sulfide + glutathione + H(+) = S-sulfanylglutathione + a quinol
  3. 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide + a quinone + H(+) = beta-nicotinamide D-riboside + a quinol

  Catalysed by GSR, SQOR, NQO2

• malonaldehydeReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and prostaglandin H2 (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. thromboxane A synthase (12(S)-HHT)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 7 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and thyroxine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = L-thyroxine + AH2

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 9 morecytosol, extracellular space

• a 3-acylpyruvateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. a 3-acylpyruvate + H2O = a carboxylate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by CTH, FAHD1cytosol

• glycineReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. leukotriene C4 synthase (GSH)
  3. leukotriene C4 hydrolysis

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosolOne of 29 routes

• (S)-malyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  2. transport of malate and thiosulfate (cytosol to mitochondria)
  3. (S)-malate + ATP + CoA = (S)-malyl-CoA + ADP + phosphate

  Catalysed by TSTD1, SLC25A10, SUCLG1, SUCLA2mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + ATP + CoA = (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 16 morecytosol, extracellular space

• choloyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. solute carrier organic anion transporter (cholate)
  3. cholate + ATP + CoA = choloyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 15-oxoprostaglandin E2Reach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and prostaglandin E2 (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. prostaglandin E2 + NAD(+) = 15-oxoprostaglandin E2 + NADH + H(+)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 15-oxoprostaglandin E1Reach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and prostaglandin E1 (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (13E)-(15S)-11alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate:NADP+ 15-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 9 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• 15-oxoprostaglandin D2Reach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and prostaglandin D2 (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. 15-dehydro-prostaglandin D2 reduction

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 2 routes

• 15-oxo-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  3. (15S)-15-Hydroxy-5,8,11-cis-13-trans-icosatetraenoate:NADP+ 15-oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 5 morecytosolOne of 3 routes

• D-alanineReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. D-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, SLC7A10cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (12S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + O2 = (12S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular space

• thromboxane A2Reach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and thromboxane B2 (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. thromboxane A2 hydrolysis

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space, endoplasmic reticulumOne of 4 routes

• (15S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + O2 = (15S)-hydroperoxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-eicosatetraenoate

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular space

• (5S)-hydroperoxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoateReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of arachidonate and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate + O2 = (5S)-hydroperoxy-(6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoate

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular space

• 2-(N(omega)-L-arginino)succinateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-arginine(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-arginine(out)
  3. 2-(Nomega-L-arginino)succinate arginine-lyase (fumarate-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, ASLcytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 6 routes

• 4-guanidinobutanoateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-arginine(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-arginine(out)
  3. 4-aminobutanoate + L-arginine = 4-guanidinobutanoate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, GATMcytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• L-dopaReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of dopamine and GSH (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-dopa + H(+) = dopamine + CO2

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular space

• N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-AMPReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  3. IMP:L-aspartate ligase (GDP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A13, ADSS2, ADSS1cytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• 3-guanidinopropanoateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-arginine(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-arginine(out)
  3. beta-alanine + L-arginine = 3-guanidinopropanoate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, GATMcytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• L-histidineReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. transport of GSH and histamine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-histidine + H(+) = histamine + CO2

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 8 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 4 routes

• 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoateReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. L-Cysteine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 7 morecytosolOne of 5 routes

• 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating
  3. (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate + pyruvate = 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate + L-alanine

  Catalysed by CTH, AGXT2cytosol

• guanidinoacetateReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-arginine(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-arginine(out)
  3. L-Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, GATMcytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• D-threonineReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. D-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, SLC7A10cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-methionineReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of cysteine and methionine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 29 routes

• N-sulfo-D-glucosamineReach from here →
  1. thiosulfate + 2 glutathione = glutathione disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + sulfite + 2 H(+)
  2. 3alpha-hydroxysteroid 3-dehydrogenase (Si-specific) (H2S2O3)
  3. N-sulfo-D-glucosamine + H2O = D-glucosamine + sulfate

  Catalysed by TSTD1, SGSHcytosol

• dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfateReach from here →
  1. 2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH + H(+)
  2. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene + glutathione = 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione + chloride + H(+)
  3. transport of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GSR, PTGES, LANCL1, GSTM4 and 2 moreextracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• L-tryptophanReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of cysteine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 16 routes

• L-threonineReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. L-threonine(out) + L-alanine(in) = L-threonine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, SLC7A10cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. L-kynurenine + H2O = anthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, KYNUcytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 3 routes

• beta-alanineReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. beta-alanine(out) + L-alanine(in) = beta-alanine(in) + L-alanine(out)

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, SLC7A10cytosol, extracellular space, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 4 routes

• L-asparagineReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of asparagine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 17 routes

• taurocyamineReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-arginine(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-arginine(out)
  3. taurine + L-arginine = taurocyamine + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, GATMcytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagineReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. L-cystine(out) + L-aspartate(in) = L-cystine(in) + L-aspartate(out)
  3. N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + L-aspartate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A13, AGAcytosol, inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• L-phenylalanineReach from here →
  1. Glutathione: 15-HPETE oxidoreductase
  2. cystine to cysteine conversion
  3. transport of cysteine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by GPX5, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3 and 6 morecytosol, extracellular spaceOne of 24 routes

• 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenineReach from here →
  1. cystine to cysteine conversion
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. 3-hydroxy-L-kynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A9, SLC3A1, KYNUcytosol, extracellular space