D-serine

Three steps

• 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acidReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, SHMT1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• S-disulfanyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. S-sulfanyl-L-cysteine + L-cysteine = S-disulfanyl-L-cysteine + L-alanine

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, CARS2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• (5Z)-dodecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (3-oxomyrist-7-enoyl-CoA)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, HADHA, ACAA2, HADHBinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (S)-lactoyl-AMPReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. (S)-lactate + ATP + H(+) = (S)-lactoyl-AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by SRR, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 4 more

• (S)-lactoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH + H(+)
  3. (S)-lactate + ATP + CoA = (S)-lactoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate

  Catalysed by SRR, LDHA, LDHB, LDHC and 3 more

• 3-iodothyronamineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3-iodothyronamine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,5-diiodothyronamine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, DIO1, DIO3inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• N-acetylneuraminate 9-phosphateReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. pyruvate kinase (dTDP)
  3. N-acetylneuraminate synthase

  Catalysed by SRR, PKM, PKLR, NANScytosol

• (11Z)-docosenoyl-CoA(4-)Reach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (cis-cetoleic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• 3-iodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3-iodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, DIO1, DIO3inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• (7Z)-tetradecenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase ((7Z)-tetradecenoic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 8 routes

• 3'-iodo-L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3'-iodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3',5'-diiodo-L-thyronine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, DIO1, DIO2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• L-thyronineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. L-thyronine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3-iodo-L-thyronine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, DIO3inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• thyronamineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. thyronamine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3-iodothyronamine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, DIO3inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 3'-iodothyronamineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3'-iodothyronamine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3',5'-diiodothyronamine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, DIO1, DIO2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 3,3'-diiodothyronamineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3'-diiodothyronamine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5'-triiodothyronamine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, DIO1, DIO2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membraneOne of 2 routes

• 3',5'-diiodothyronamineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3',5'-diiodothyronamine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5'-triiodothyronamine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, DIO3inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• 3,3',5'-triiodothyronamineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. 3,3',5'-triiodothyronamine + iodide + A + H(+) = 3,3',5,5'-tetraiodothyronamine + AH2

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, DIO3inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane

• (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z)-hexadecatetraenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C18:4->C16:4), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, HADHA, ACADVL, HADHBinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• (7Z,10Z)-hexadecadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation Trans (C18:2->C16:2), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, HADHA, ACADVL, HADHBinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix

• (4Z,7Z)-decadienoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C12:3->C10:2), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, ECHS1, ACAA2, HADHinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• (5Z)-octenoyl-CoAReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Fatty Acid Beta Oxidation (C10:2->C8:1), Mitochondrial

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, ECHS1, ACAA2, HADHinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 2 routes

• CHEBI:240943Reach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. glycine N-acyltransferase (2-methylbutyryl-CoA)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, GLYAT and 2 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrixOne of 3 routes

• a quinolReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. (S)-malate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + CO2 + NADH
  3. (S)-malate + a quinone = enol-oxaloacetate + a quinol

  Catalysed by SRR, ME2, SDHB, SDHAOne of 3 routes

• hypochlorous acidReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. Peroxidase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC6A14, LPOinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• potassium atomReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and chloride (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. transport of chloride (cytosol to extracellular)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC6A14, SLC12A2, SLC12A1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• phenylacetylglycineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. phenylacetyl-CoA:glycine N-phenylacetyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, GLYATinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 3 routes

• CHEBI:27540Reach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. medium-chain acyl-CoA ligase (hexanoic acid)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, ACSM4, ACSM1, ACSM2A and 3 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 6 routes

• selenomethionineReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  3. Selenomethionine methanethiol-lyase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SRR, AGXT2, CTHcytosol

• CHEBI:27760Reach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. 2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine = (2S)-2-aminobutanoate + pyruvate
  3. Selenocystathionine Lysteine-lyase (deaminating)

  Catalysed by SRR, AGXT2, CTHcytosolOne of 2 routes

• elaidic acidReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase (elaidate)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC27A2, ACSL4, ACSL3 and 5 moreinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosolOne of 5 routes

• 5-hydroxytryptophanReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Tryptophan, Tetrahydrobiopterin:Oxygen Oxidoreductase (5-Hydroxylating)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, TPH1, TPH2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 2 routes

• 3-mercaptolactic acidReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. 2-oxo-3-sulfanylpropanoate + [thioredoxin]-dithiol = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + hydrogen sulfide + pyruvate + H(+)
  3. 3-Mercaptolactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase

  Catalysed by SRR, MPST, LDHB, LDHC and 2 morecytosol

• 2-oxopentanoateReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine + pyruvate = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-alanine
  3. 2-oxopentanoate + N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine = 5-(3,3-dimethylguanidino)-2-oxopentanoate + L-2-aminopentanoate

  Catalysed by SRR, AGXT2

• CHEBI:28666Reach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. LTD4 hydrolysis

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• CHEBI:28701Reach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. amino-acid N-acetyltransferase (N-acetyl-L-alanine)
  3. Propanoyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, ACAA1, SCP2, MYO5Binner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, peroxisomeOne of 7 routes

• 17alpha-hydroxypregnenoloneReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. transport of acetate and pyruvate (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. cytochrome P450 (17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone)

  Catalysed by SRR, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A3 and 3 moreextracellular space, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum

• 3-disulfanyl-L-alanineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Transport of L-Cystine (L-Alanine antiport) by B0, +At Transporter
  3. L-cystine thiocysteine-lyase (deaminating

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A9, SLC3A1, CTHinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• N-acetyl-L-cysteineReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. N-acetylglutamate synthase (N-acetyl-L-cysteine)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, NAGSinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol, mitochondrial matrix

• N-glycoloylneuraminateReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. N-Acetylneuraminate pyruvate-lyase (N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-forming)
  3. CMP-N-acetylneuraminate monooxygenase (N-acetylneuraminate)

  Catalysed by SRR, NPLcytosol

• a carboxylateReach from here →
  1. D-serine = pyruvate + NH4(+)
  2. a 3-acylpyruvate + H2O = a carboxylate + pyruvate + H(+)
  3. a 3-acylpyruvate + H2O = a carboxylate + pyruvate + H(+)

  Catalysed by SRR, FAHD1

• K(+)Reach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. K(+)(in) + L-cysteine(out) + 3 Na(+)(out) + H(+)(out) = K(+)(out) + L-cysteine(in) + 3 Na(+)(in) + H(+)(in)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, SLC1A1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosolOne of 4 routes

• Cys-tRNA(Cys)Reach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and cysteine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Cysteine:tRNA(Cys) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, CARS1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• Phe-tRNA(Phe)Reach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and phenylalanine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Phenylalanine:tRNA(Ala) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, FARSB, FARSAinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• Gly-tRNA(Gly)Reach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. L-Alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase
  3. glycine:tRNA(Gly) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT, AGXT2, GARS1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, mitochondrial matrix, cytosol

• Asp-tRNA(Asp)Reach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. oxaloacetate + L-alanine = L-aspartate + pyruvate
  3. L-Aspartate:tRNA(Asp) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, AGXT2, DARS1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, cytosol

• Trp-tRNA(Trp)Reach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and tryptophan (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Tryptophan -tRNA(Trp) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, WARS1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• Ile-tRNA(Ile)Reach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and isoleucine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Isoleucine:tRNA(Ile) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, IARS1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• isocyanateReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and citrulline (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-citrulline + H(+) = isocyanate + L-ornithine

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A6, LACC1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• Asn-tRNA(Asn)Reach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. transport of alanine and asparagine (cytosol to extracellular)
  3. L-Asparagine:tRNA(Asn) ligase (AMP-forming)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, SLC7A5, NARS1inner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane, extracellular space, cytosol

• hydrogenselenideReach from here →
  1. D-serine(out) + L-alanine(in) = D-serine(in) + L-alanine(out)
  2. Mo-molybdopterin + L-cysteine + AH2 = thio-Mo-molybdopterin + L-alanine + A + H2O
  3. L-selenocysteine + AH2 = hydrogenselenide + L-alanine + A + H(+)

  Catalysed by SLC7A10, MOCOS, SCLYinner side of the membrane, outer side of the membrane